Plant Kingdom

 Monocot roots are characterised by the absence of cambium.

Gymnosperms are classified into cycadales and coniferales.

 Angiosperms are further divided based on the number of cotyledons that form the seed.

Algae are considered as plants because they are autotrophs and synthesise their own food in the presence of sunlight.

Type of pigmentation of cell wall is the main criterion on the basis of which different forms of algae have been classified like red, green and brown algae.

Phycophytes are autotrophic and synthesise their own food in the presence of sunlight. Their sex organs are non-jacketed and the zygotes secrete thick wall to protect themselves from harsh climatic conditions.

Scalariform conjugation requires association of two different filaments lined side by side either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse to make a passage called the conjugation canal. 

Rhodophyceae is a class of marine multicellular algae. They consist of chlorophyll a, d, phycocyanin and phycoerthrin.

Cryptogams are the plants with hidden reproductive organs. Thallophytes and bryophytes are cryptogams.

Liverworts have scales on their body. These scales are violet-coloured, have multicellular structures on ventral side to conserve water and protect growing apices.

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 Pinus is a gymnospermic plant. Ovulves of pinus are uncovered, which lie on the megasporophyll, hence this plant does not have flowers. However, it produces seeds like other three plants mentioned, all of the other three are angiosperms.

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Calyptra is a covering developed from the venter of archegonium in bryophytes and pteridophytes. It acts as a transpiration shield around the immature capsule and provides protection to the young capsule.

Ginkgo biloba is a gymnospermic plant. It is also known as living fossil because it has a great fossil history.

Pteridophytes include ferns, horsetails, clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts.

Bryophytes are known as ‘amphibians of plant kingdom’ because they can adapt to both land and water habitats. In their vegetative structure, bryophytes completely adapt to the land habitat. However, they still depend upon water for sexual reproduction because the swimming habit is retained by their sperms.

Vegetative reproduction in Funaria takes place by fragmentation of primary protonema, secondary protonema, gemmae, bulbils and apospory.

Gametophytic phase is the dominant and independent phase in the life cycle of algae. It is usually photosynthetic.

All pteridophytes exhibit a diplohaplontic heteromorphic life cycle in which both sporophytes and gametophytes are independent, free living and photosynthetic, but they are very much different in morphology and size. Dryopteris is a pteridophyte.

 The corect option is 4. Naturally, apple is not a parthenocarpic fruit.

Ornithophilous flowers do not open during night.

The diploid phase is the dominant phase in the life cycle of gymnosperms. Both the gametophyte and sporophyte are completely different from each other. These bear seeds which do not form fruits.