English Language Proficiency

One valid cause of increased price of manufacturing of machine tools include

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows. Some words/phrases are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering the question.

Today, the import duty on a complete machine is 30% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on raw materials and components ranges from 35.85%. The story does not end here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% – 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e. Central Sales Tax or State Sales Tax which range from 4% – 16%. This much for the tax angle. Another factor, which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools, is the very high rate of interest payable to banks ranging up to 22%, as against 4% – 7% prevailing in advanced countries.
The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India's machine tool builders have to pay for components is more or less based on the pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares.
The machines tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene.
It is to be noted that India is at least 6500 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India's machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody's case that the needs of the fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6500 km away?
Then, what is it that the industry requests from the government? It wants a level playing field. In fact, all of us must have a deep introspection and recognise the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the point of strategic and vital interest of the nation. Most importantly, it requests for the Government's consideration and understanding. It is therefore, high time that the government gives due attention to this industry which has good potential.

Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence?

Directions: Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the question given below them.

A. Do the devices that make it possible to do so many things at once truly raise our productivity or merely help us spin our wheels faster?
B. More important, they’re exploring what can be done about it – how we can work smarter, live smarter and put our beloved gadgets back in their proper place, with us running them, not the other way around.
C. The dinging digital devices that allow us to connect and communicate so readily also disrupt our work, our thoughts and what little is left of our private lives.
D. They have begun to calculate the pluses, the minuses and the economic costs of the interrupted life – in dollars, productivity and dysfunction.
E. What sort of toll is all this disruption and mental channel switching taking on our ability to think clearly, work effectively and function as healthy human beings?
F. Over the past five years, psychologists, efficiency experts and information-technology researchers have begun to explore these questions in detail.

Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence?

Directions: Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the question given below them.

A. Do the devices that make it possible to do so many things at once truly raise our productivity or merely help us spin our wheels faster?
B. More important, they’re exploring what can be done about it – how we can work smarter, live smarter and put our beloved gadgets back in their proper place, with us running them, not the other way around.
C. The dinging digital devices that allow us to connect and communicate so readily also disrupt our work, our thoughts and what little is left of our private lives.
D. They have begun to calculate the pluses, the minuses and the economic costs of the interrupted life – in dollars, productivity and dysfunction.
E. What sort of toll is all this disruption and mental channel switching taking on our ability to think clearly, work effectively and function as healthy human beings?
F. Over the past five years, psychologists, efficiency experts and information-technology researchers have begun to explore these questions in detail.

What prompted the farmer to visit the money-lender's house?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows. Certain words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering the question.

There was once a poor farmer who went to the money-lender's house and asked him the secret of becoming rich. The money-lender piously told the farmer that riches came from God and he should ask him.

The simple farmer set out to find God. On his way, he found a poor man sitting under a tree. The poor man asked him about his journey and the farmer told him that he was going to find God! The poor man smiled and said, "I am God! What do you want of me?" The farmer told him the whole story, and God, taking pity on him, gave him a conch shell, and showed him how to blow it in a particular way, saying, “Just remember, whatever you wish for, you have only to blow the conch this way, and your wish will be fulfilled. Only have a care of that money-lender, for even magic is not proof against his wiles!"

The farmer went back to his village, rejoicing. The money-lender noticed his high spirits at once and went over to the farmer's house, and congratulated him on his good fortune . The farmer told him the whole story—everything except the secret of blowing the conch.

Nevertheless, the money-lender was determined to have the conch by hook or by crook, and waited for a favorable opportunity and stole the conch.

He tried blowing the conch in every conceivable way but had to give it up as a bad job. So, he went back to the farmer, and said, "I've got your conch, but it is of no use to either of us. Everything is at a stand-still unless we make a bargain. I will give you back your conch, and never interfere with your using it, on one condition, which is this, whatever you get from it, I am to get double."

The farmer refused the bargain but the wily money-lender persuaded him; "You will have your share! What does it matter to you if I am rich or poor?" So, though it went sorely against the grain to be of any benefit to a money-lender, the farmer was forced to yield and the knowledge of this fact so preyed upon the farmer's mind day and night, that he had no satisfaction out of anything.

There came a very dry season, - so dry that the farmer's crops withered for want of rain. Then he blew his conch, and wished for a well to water them, but the money-lender got two! This was too much for him to stand; and he brooded over it, till at last a bright idea came into his head. He seized the conch, blew it loudly, and cried out, "Oh, God! I wish to be blind of one eye!" And so he was, in a twinkling. But the money-lender became completely blind. He fell into his new well and drowned.

Which of the following words is nearly the same in meaning to the word ‘sprang’ as given in the passage?

Directions: Read the passage given below carefully and answer the question that follows.

There once was a poor woodcutter. One day while working, he felt tired and sat down under a tree to rest for a while. A little bird flying about happened to see the woodcutter and felt sad at his miserable condition. "I must help him," thought the bird, and perched beside the woodcutter.
As the woodcutter dozed off, the little bird laid a golden egg near him and flew away. When the woodcutter woke up, he was surprised to see the golden egg. He quickly picked it up and slipped it in his pocket. Then he bundled the logs he had chopped that day and carried them to the market.
The woodcutter told the shopkeeper how he had dozed off and found a golden egg when he woke up. The shopkeeper, a cunning man, lured him into exchanging the egg for a single gold coin. The innocent woodcutter accepted. The shopkeeper also told him that if he could bring the bird that laid the golden egg, he could get five gold coins. Promising to bring the bird, the woodcutter went home.
The next day, he went to the same tree where he had found the golden egg and sat down, pretending to sleep. The little bird came again and perched beside him.
Just then, the woodcutter sprang up and caught the bird. "Now I shall sell you to the shopkeeper for five gold coins!" said the woodcutter. "But one golden egg is a hundred times more valuable than five gold coins, don't you know that?" screeched the bird. "The shopkeeper has made a fool of you!"
The woodcutter realized his mistake. "I am sorry I got greedy and harmed you," he said.
But by then the bird had fallen to the ground. "My end is near," she moaned, "I come from the family of Lucky Birds. We bring luck to men, but we are destined to die if ever caught by humans."
The woodcutter heard this and wept bitterly. He asked, "Is there any way I can help you?"
The bird said, "When I die, pluck a feather from my wing and show it to the fire; you'll be transported to my home. Give my feather to my family and tell them the truth." Saying this, the Lucky Bird died.
The woodcutter did as he was told.
In an instant, he found himself amidst the Lucky Bird's family. He showed them the feather and narrated his story to them. "Oh, we must act fast!" said the Father Bird. He kept the Lucky Bird's feather on the ground and began to hop around it. After ten rounds, the Father Bird touched the feather. And lo! The Lucky Bird's lifeless body was transported there.
The Mother Bird and the Sister Birds then brought some green leaves and grass that could raise the dead, and stuffed them into the Lucky Bird's beak. In no time, the Lucky Bird opened her eyes.
The woodcutter was ecstatic to see her alive again. The Lucky Bird then spoke, "Luck appears and disappears; and so do we Lucky Birds. But we don't stay with those who are greedy." The woodcutter cried, "I have lost you because of my foolishness!" "Don’t be disheartened, friend!" said the Lucky Bird.
The woodcutter returned home with a heavy heart, but with the hope that the Lucky Bird would return someday.

Why did Wunzh wrestle daily with the Sky Stranger?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

Wunzh reached the age when every Indian boy fasts so that he may see a vision of the Spirit that is to be his guide through life.

On the first day he walked in the woods looking about and filling his mind with images of growing things, so that he might see them in his dreams. He saw how plants grew, and knew that some were for food and others for healing. His heart was filled with longing to do something for his people.

"Truly," thought he, "the Great Spirit made all things. To Him we owe our lives. Could He not make it easier for us to get our food other than by hunting and fishing? I must seek an answer in my vision."

So Wunzh returned to his lodge where he fasted and slept. On the third day he became weak and faint. Soon he saw a young brave coming down from the sky. He was clad in garments of green and yellow. On his head was a tuft of green plumes and his motions were graceful and swaying.

"I am sent to you,"said the Sky stranger, "by that Great Spirit. He has seen your fast­ing, and knows how you wish to do good for your people. Arise and wrestle with me, for only by overcom­ing me, may you learn the secret." Thus, the two wrestled daily.

On the third day, Wunzh, though fainter in body, grew stronger in mind and will. He was determined to win or perish in the attempt. He exerted all his powers, and soon prevailed, overcoming the stranger. 

The conquered one said, "You have wrestled manfully and met your trial well. Tomorrow I shall come once more. You must wrestle with me one last time. Should you prevail, you will strip off my garments, clean the ground of roots and weeds, and bury me in that spot. When you have done so, leave my body there. Come often to the place, and see whether I have come to life.”

"Be careful not to let weeds or grass grow on my grave. If you do all this, you will learn how to benefit your people." Having said this, the stranger disappeared.

The next day, the stranger came again. Although Wunzh had fasted seven days, he felt a new power arise within. He grasped the stranger and threw him down. He took his garments, and, finding him dead, buried him, and did all that he was directed.

Daily he visited, and pulled out weeds and grass. He kept the ground soft and moist. Very soon, to his wonder, he saw green plumes coming up from the ground. 

Weeks passed by. One day Wunzh went to the grave and there in the place where the stranger had been buried, stood a tall and graceful plant, with golden, silken hair, crowned by nodding green plumes. Its stalk was covered with waving leaves, and there grew from its sides many ears of corn wrapped in green husks.

The boy shouted joyously, "This is Mondawmin, my friend, who has turned into the Indian Corn! We need no longer depend on hunting, so long as this gift is planted and cared for. The Great Spirit has heard my voice and has sent us this food."

According to the passage, which of the following sentences is true?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

Wunzh reached the age when every Indian boy fasts so that he may see a vision of the Spirit that is to be his guide through life.

On the first day he walked in the woods looking about and filling his mind with images of growing things, so that he might see them in his dreams. He saw how plants grew, and knew that some were for food and others for healing. His heart was filled with longing to do something for his people.

"Truly," thought he, "the Great Spirit made all things. To Him we owe our lives. Could He not make it easier for us to get our food other than by hunting and fishing? I must seek an answer in my vision."

So Wunzh returned to his lodge where he fasted and slept. On the third day he became weak and faint. Soon he saw a young brave coming down from the sky. He was clad in garments of green and yellow. On his head was a tuft of green plumes and his motions were graceful and swaying.

"I am sent to you,"said the Sky stranger, "by that Great Spirit. He has seen your fast­ing, and knows how you wish to do good for your people. Arise and wrestle with me, for only by overcom­ing me, may you learn the secret." Thus, the two wrestled daily.

On the third day, Wunzh, though fainter in body, grew stronger in mind and will. He was determined to win or perish in the attempt. He exerted all his powers, and soon prevailed, overcoming the stranger. 

The conquered one said, "You have wrestled manfully and met your trial well. Tomorrow I shall come once more. You must wrestle with me one last time. Should you prevail, you will strip off my garments, clean the ground of roots and weeds, and bury me in that spot. When you have done so, leave my body there. Come often to the place, and see whether I have come to life.”

"Be careful not to let weeds or grass grow on my grave. If you do all this, you will learn how to benefit your people." Having said this, the stranger disappeared.

The next day, the stranger came again. Although Wunzh had fasted seven days, he felt a new power arise within. He grasped the stranger and threw him down. He took his garments, and, finding him dead, buried him, and did all that he was directed.

Daily he visited, and pulled out weeds and grass. He kept the ground soft and moist. Very soon, to his wonder, he saw green plumes coming up from the ground. 

Weeks passed by. One day Wunzh went to the grave and there in the place where the stranger had been buried, stood a tall and graceful plant, with golden, silken hair, crowned by nodding green plumes. Its stalk was covered with waving leaves, and there grew from its sides many ears of corn wrapped in green husks.

The boy shouted joyously, "This is Mondawmin, my friend, who has turned into the Indian Corn! We need no longer depend on hunting, so long as this gift is planted and cared for. The Great Spirit has heard my voice and has sent us this food."

Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after the rearrangement?

Directions: In the following question, five statements are provided. These statements form a coherent paragraph when properly arranged. Rearrange these statements properly and answer the gven question.

A. The trend has continued in November as well.
B. As a result, the hospitality sector logged a negative performance during the first half.
C. The current financial year had started off with unforeseen events like travel advisories, followed by riots in Gujarat.
D. With the current uptick, officials expect to make up for the losses, that's if the buoyant trend continues.
E. Luxury hotels across major cities and leisure destinations like Goa, Kerala and Rajasthan have reported an improvement in their performance during the last two months, with occupancy levels of 80-85% since October.

Directions: Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage.

Consensus

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given below it. Certain words are printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.

The current global food situation is very serious and hence, we need to understand the reasons for such a dramatic increase in food prices in a short period.
It is argued that increases in energy costs are resulting in cost push inflation but the contribution of energy costs to overall costs in agriculture may not explain the huge increase in food prices.
Related to the current elevated energy prices, there has been a diversion of corn and edible oils to bio-fuels, which is significantly influenced by policy mandates. Very clearly, this diversion to biofuels is a policy induced new reality, which coincided with price escalation in precisely those products and hence, is noteworthy.
The financialisation of commodity trade and current extraordinary conditions in global financial markets could have influenced the spurt in prices. The recent reductions in interest rates in the U.S. and the injection of liquidity have resulted in investors seeking new avenues, such as commodity markets, in view of the turbulence in financial markets and the low returns in treasuries. The relatively easy liquidity and low interest rates, by themselves, make holding of inventories attractive and thus, induce greater volatility in commodity markets. The weakening of the U.S. dollar is also advanced as a reason for the recent volatility in commodity markets, including food items. It is evident that this phenomenon is now also coinciding with the across the board rise in food prices.
In brief, while there are demand and supply side pressures on food items, there is considerable merit in the argument that the recent extraordinary increases in food prices are closely linked to public policy responses to high energy costs in advanced economies, and the turbulence in financial markets and financial institutions. It is said that the impact of such policy induced diversion of food to bio-fuels is significant at this juncture and reflects a preference to fill the fuel tanks of automobiles, rather than fill-the empty stomachs of people. Similarly, it is sometimes held that the weight accorded to financial stability in public policy may now be at the expense of stability in real sector - especially of sensitive commodities like food. At the same time, there is a general consensus that public policy in regard to food in many economies around the world has not provided adequate incentive to farmers to increase the supply of food and other agricultural products to comfortably match the growing demand over the medium term.

Which of the following words is nearly the same in meaning to the word ‘astray’ as given in the passage?

Directions: Read the passage given below carefully and choose the best answer to the question from the given alternatives.

Once there lived an old scholar in a village. He was a well-respected man in his region that had fallen on bad times after a terrible flood.
Late one night, a thief broke into his house and stealthily crept around the sleeping household. Suddenly, the thief heard a rustling sound. Someone was coming. He looked around for a place to hide himself, but the room had little furniture in it – there was nowhere to hide. In desperation he looked around again and this time he looked upwards, up to the roof beams.
With a running jump he scrambled up onto one of the roof beams. He pressed his body along the length of the pole, and stayed as still and quiet as he could – hardly breathing , not moving a muscle.
The door below opened, and in walked an old man. He took a few steps into the room and stopped. He seemed to be lost in thought as he waited near the door.
Then he called out to a servant to wake his sons. He then walked over to a chair in the middle of the room, sat down, and waited.
Soon, his three sleepy sons shuffled into the room.
“What’s wrong father?” asked the youngest son and yawned.
“I just wanted to ask you boys a question.” answered the wise old scholar.
The eldest son was surprised, “You woke us all up in the middle of the night because you wanted to ask us a question? Couldn’t it have waited till the morning?”
“It is an important question. Now sit down all of you. My question is: If a person does bad things, is he a bad person?”
The room was silent for a while.
Then, the middle son spoke. “I’ve heard of the phrase, ‘Hate the sin, but not the sinner’, I think that people can be good inside, but they get led astray or get driven to do bad things.”
He nodded and replied, ”Yes, I do think that man is born good. But sometimes, people get lax, and conveniently forget what the right thing to do is, and slowly they turn bad. It’s easier to be bad and much, much harder to be good, and do what is right all the time. It takes work and perseverance not to give in.
The old man told his sons about how important working and honesty were. “You must always strive to be honest, to people you know and also people you don’t know. What do YOU think sir?” The man looked directly up at the unwelcome visitor in the beam.
The thief was so surprised, he almost fell off. Regaining his balance, he slowly climbed down, trembling. When the sons saw the loot in the thief’s bag, they closed in on him, ready to punish him, but the old man stood between the thief and his sons.
“Hate the sin and not the sinner”, he repeated, then turned to the thief and to everyone’s surprise ordered his servant to give the man a bolt of silk.
Full of shock, shame and gratitude, the thief apologized sincerely.
The wise old scholar said, “I have faith in you to become good again. Use this cloth to start over, and live your life with dignity and a healthy amount of pride in yourself.” Then the wise old scholar led the man out of the front door.

How did the thief know that someone was coming?

Directions: Read the passage given below carefully and choose the best answer to the question from the given alternatives.

Once there lived an old scholar in a village. He was a well-respected man in his region that had fallen on bad times after a terrible flood.
Late one night, a thief broke into his house and stealthily crept around the sleeping household. Suddenly, the thief heard a rustling sound. Someone was coming. He looked around for a place to hide himself, but the room had little furniture in it – there was nowhere to hide. In desperation he looked around again and this time he looked upwards, up to the roof beams.
With a running jump he scrambled up onto one of the roof beams. He pressed his body along the length of the pole, and stayed as still and quiet as he could – hardly breathing , not moving a muscle.
The door below opened, and in walked an old man. He took a few steps into the room and stopped. He seemed to be lost in thought as he waited near the door.
Then he called out to a servant to wake his sons. He then walked over to a chair in the middle of the room, sat down, and waited.
Soon, his three sleepy sons shuffled into the room.
“What’s wrong father?” asked the youngest son and yawned.
“I just wanted to ask you boys a question.” answered the wise old scholar.
The eldest son was surprised, “You woke us all up in the middle of the night because you wanted to ask us a question? Couldn’t it have waited till the morning?”
“It is an important question. Now sit down all of you. My question is: If a person does bad things, is he a bad person?”
The room was silent for a while.
Then, the middle son spoke. “I’ve heard of the phrase, ‘Hate the sin, but not the sinner’, I think that people can be good inside, but they get led astray or get driven to do bad things.”
He nodded and replied, ”Yes, I do think that man is born good. But sometimes, people get lax, and conveniently forget what the right thing to do is, and slowly they turn bad. It’s easier to be bad and much, much harder to be good, and do what is right all the time. It takes work and perseverance not to give in.
The old man told his sons about how important working and honesty were. “You must always strive to be honest, to people you know and also people you don’t know. What do YOU think sir?” The man looked directly up at the unwelcome visitor in the beam.
The thief was so surprised, he almost fell off. Regaining his balance, he slowly climbed down, trembling. When the sons saw the loot in the thief’s bag, they closed in on him, ready to punish him, but the old man stood between the thief and his sons.
“Hate the sin and not the sinner”, he repeated, then turned to the thief and to everyone’s surprise ordered his servant to give the man a bolt of silk.
Full of shock, shame and gratitude, the thief apologized sincerely.
The wise old scholar said, “I have faith in you to become good again. Use this cloth to start over, and live your life with dignity and a healthy amount of pride in yourself.” Then the wise old scholar led the man out of the front door.

According to the passage, why is the Supreme Court sometimes referred to as “Lords of the Green Bench”?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question.

Beginning during the late 1980’s, the Indian Supreme Court has been actively engaged in the environmental concerns that face the country. While in many countries, this aspect is done through either the executive or legislative branch, in India, this is the role of the Supreme Court. Because of this, the Supreme Court of India has been engaged in both the interpretation and introduction of new changes in environmental law. The Court has enacted new principles to protect the environment as well as to reinterpret existing laws. It has also created new organisations as well as conferred additional powers on existing organisations through directives and judgments.
The Court directions on issues related to the environment go well beyond questions about law. These include executive actions and technical details of environmental actions to be implemented. The Court’s involvement has engendered criticism, both positive and negative, in which they are heralded as pioneering while at the same time as their directives are based on their discretion solely they are referred to as “Lords of the Green Bench”.
The reasons are complex for the increased involvement of the Supreme Court. One major factor is because government agencies and state-owned businesses have failed to follow regulatory guidelines. As a result, this has prompted many NGOs to file public interest complaints within the Courts, especially with the Supreme Court.
Public interest litigation is not only the province of the Supreme Court. This type of litigation as well as judicial activism on environmental issues takes place in the High Courts of individual states.
Judicial activism has delivered positive effects for India. Many supporters claim that the Supreme Court has become a symbol of hope. This has resulted in the delivery of a normative regime of rights and the insistence that no Indian state can act arbitrarily, but must act reasonably and in the public interest. It goes further to state that such action will be made invalid by judicial action.
While this is a positive step forward, India’s judicial activism has had several adverse consequences. First and foremost is the fact that many public interest cases are repeatedly filed to block projects to improve infrastructure that is aimed at solving environmental issues. These projects include water works, expressways, and acquisition of land for projects as well as power generation projects. This litigation routinely delays these projects, in many cases for years. During this delay, pollution continues and results in both illness and deaths related to pollution.
In several key cases, through judicial activism, it was found that statedevelo directed economic development was both ineffective and failed in the delivery of the development goals. Based on these assessments, the Court then interpreted laws and issued directives that encouraged greater competition and free market solutions to reduce pollution. On the other hand, in other cases, the interpretations and directions which the Court issued have actually preserved state-owned companies by preserving their labour practices and lack of regulation, which continue to be detrimental to the quality of India’s environment.

Which of the following is/are true about security breaches according to the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Security breaches and the compromise of sensitive information are very real concerns for any organisation today. Studies have shown that though the likelihood of the attack from insiders may be very low as compared to external threats, the magnitude of the impact is at least 10 times more than that of the total impact an external attacker can cause. This is because an insider attack is committed by people who know the organisation’s most sensitive secrets and vulnerabilities and have access to its systems. In most cases, breaches by insiders are committed by individuals who have no intention of doing anything wrong.
Data Security Council of India (DSCI) and Price waterhouse Coopers (PwC) have jointly conducted a study to understand the challenges and risks associated with insider threats. The study has been conducted to understand the security posture of the Indian IT/BPO industry from an insider threat perspective and the perceptions of the client organisations on the same.
Surprisingly, not even a single incident was attributed to the senior management of the organisation. This was in contrast to our findings from secondary research, where senior management was found to be involved in a number of such incidents.
The survey revealed that an insider can be motivated to commit a crime due to a number of reasons, viz. information gain, personal financial gain, a new job, unsatisfactory appraisal or unmet professional expectations, an urge to prove oneself, antagonism towards the management etc. As per 89% of the service provider organisations, behavioural motivation to break existing norms is the primary motive that leads to insider threat. This might be due to the predominant youth mix in the IT/BPO industry.
On the other hand, 75% of the respondents in the client organisations believe that personal financial gain is the prime motive for insiders at service provider organisations to carry out illicit activities.
Dissatisfaction with organisation policies was rated as the second most probable reason that leads to insider threat as 44% service provider organisations highlighted this as a concern. However, in contrast, 25% of client organisations believe this to be a reason for insider threat at service provider organisations.
It is encouraging to note that not even a single respondent in service provider organisations considers competition as a driving force for insider threat. This observation is supported by client organisations.
Interestingly, most of the factors such as dissatisfaction with organisational policy, dissatisfaction with immediate supervisor, feeling of entitlement, urge to prove oneself, breaking existing norms and unmet expectations, that lead to insider threats can be controlled. This means that by understanding such (controllable) motivational factors, an organisation can tune its policies to contain insider incidents.

Which word, according to the given text, is opposite in meaning to obtained?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

It has been observed by Adam Smith, that "the word Value has two different meanings, and sometimes expresses the utility of some particular object, and sometimes the power of purchasing other goods which the possession of that object conveys. The one may be called value in use; the other, value in exchange. “The things,” he continues, "which have the greatest value in use, have frequently little or no value in exchange; and, on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange, have little or no value in use." Water and air are abundantly useful; they are indeed indispensable to existence, yet, under ordinary circumstances, nothing can be obtained in exchange for them. Gold, on the contrary, though of little use compared with air or water, will exchange for a great quantity of other goods.

Utility then is not the measure of exchangeable value, although it is absolutely essential to it. If a commodity were in no way useful,—in other words, if it could in no way contribute to our gratification,—it would be destitute of exchangeable value, however scarce it might be, or whatever quantity of labour might be necessary to procure it.
Possessing utility, commodities derive their exchangeable value from two sources: from their scarcity, and from the quantity of labour required to obtain them.

There are some commodities, the value of which is determined by their scarcity alone. No labour can increase the quantity of such goods, and therefore their value cannot be lowered by an increased supply. Some rare statues and pictures, scarce books and coins, wines of a peculiar quality, which can be made only from grapes grown on a particular soil, of which there is a very limited quantity, are all of this description. Their value is wholly independent of the quantity of labour originally necessary to produce them, and varies with the varying wealth and inclinations of those who are desirous to possess them.
These commodities, however, form a very small part of the mass of commodities daily exchanged in the market. By far the greatest part of those goods which are the objects of desire, are procured by labour; and they may be multiplied, not in one country alone, but in many, almost without any assignable limit, if we are disposed to bestow the labour necessary to obtain them.

In speaking then of commodities, of their exchangeable value, and of the laws which regulate their relative prices, we mean always such commodities only as can be increased in quantity by the exertion of human industry, and on the production of which competition operates without restraint.

In the early stages of society, the exchangeable value of these commodities, or the rule which determines how much of one shall be given in exchange for another, depends solely on the comparative quantity of labour expended on each.

"The real price of every thing," says Adam Smith, "what every thing really costs to the man who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. What every thing is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to dispose of it, or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people." "Labour was the first price—the original purchase-money that was paid for all things." Again, "in that early and rude state of society, which precedes both the accumulation of stock and the appropriation of land, the proportion between the quantities of labour necessary for acquiring different objects, seems to be the only circumstance which can afford any rule for exchanging them for one another. If among a nation of hunters, for example, it usually cost twice the labour to kill a beaver which it does to kill a deer, one beaver should naturally exchange for, or be worth two deer. It is natural that what is usually the produce of two days', or two hours' labour, should be worth double of what is usually the produce of one day's, or one hour's labour."

That this is really the foundation of the exchangeable value of all things, excepting those which cannot be increased by human industry, is a doctrine of the utmost importance in political economy; for from no source do so many errors, and so much difference of opinion in that science proceed, as from the vague ideas, which are attached to the word value.

Razia fought a battle against Bahram because

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Razia Sultan was the first woman who ruled medieval India, during the Muslim empire. Razia Sultan’s original name was Razia-al-Din. Her throne name was Jalalat-ud-Din Razia. She preferred to be called as Razia Sultan, as Sultana was a feminine title. Razia succeeded her father, Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish, to the Sultanate of Delhi in 1236. While his sons were enjoying youth, Razia was actively participating in the administrative matters of the kingdom. Once, when Iltutmish was busy with the siege of Gwalior, he had entrusted the governance of Delhi to Razia. On his return, he was very much impressed by the way Razia had run the empire. At that very moment, he declared Razia as his heir. It was the will of the king that after his death, Razia, his daughter, should succeed the throne. But the Muslim people were not happy with this decision. When Iltutmish died, Rukn-ud-din Firuz, one of his sons, usurped the throne and ruled for about 7 months. Rukn-ud-din wasted all, after he got the control and the throne. The Muslim nobility with reluctance agreed to allow Razia to rule the empire. She was an efficient and bold Sultan, working for the betterment of the empire, but like her father, most of her time in her short three years reign was spent in fighting rebellions. She had personally led the army to many places like Punjab and Multan.
She also had many controversies on her name. It was supposed that she had feelings for one of her advisers, Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, an Abyssinian Siddi slave.
In her battle with Altunia in Bhatinda, Yaqut was killed and Razia was taken into prison. There she decided to marry Altunia. In her absence, Razia’s brother Muizuddin Bahram Shah took over the throne. After Razia married Altunia, they had a battle with Bahram to take back the empire. Both Razia and Altunia were defeated in the battle (Oct.1240). Both of them fled to Delhi and on reaching Kaithal, the remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hand of the Jatts and were robbed and killed.
Controversies did not leave Razia’s side even after her death. There are three claims regarding her grave.The first claim is that her grave is in Old Delhi, in Bulbul-i-khana, Shahjahanabad. Haryana also claims to have a tomb of Razia in Kaithal. The third and the most recent of all claims is that her African slave’s paramour is buried at Tonk in Rajasthan.
However, there is an agreement about her bravery, her struggle and her undaunted spirit which have been preserved in the pages of history forever.

Choose the statement which is true according to the passage.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Nowadays, the bookbinder does not just bind those books given to him for this purpose, as was the case in former years, for present conditions necessitate his undertaking many kinds of work, which have little or nothing to do with the binding of books, particularly such as are related with the making or finishing of printed matter and paper goods or where pasting, gumming and gluing are required, which, in their turn, are connected with paper and cardboard.
On the other hand, some branches of the bookbinder's craft have now become quite distinct and have developed into special industries, and have so enlarged and extended that even their particular methods of working and technical terms have quite changed. Cardboard goods, leather goods, photo albums, maps, and even account-books are treated by particular firms as specialities.
As we must now keep within clearly defined limits, we shall treat here only the work of bookbinding proper as far as it is concerned with the making of the book for publisher, bookseller, and buyer, and also the making of account-books, whilst the other work given to the binder, commonly called "fancy goods," must be excluded. Editions, charters, illuminated addresses, etc., are likewise excluded, as they are quite apart from the ordinary work of the bookbinder, belonging solely to artistic bookbinding.
The parts of this little book have been so arranged as to correspond to our present-day division of work: preparatory work, forwarding, covering, and finishing. In England and France the various processes have for a long time been similarly termed, and although in Germany we could not follow their lead without any deviation, because our method of work and division of labour are so different, yet the basis of this arrangement has been used in this book.
Every text-book has some drawback, the greatest of these being that a practical demonstration on the subject is more helpful than the most detailed written description, and yet even in the latter a text-book is limited. For the rest, I have tried to be as brief and clear as ever possible and to avoid faults which I have discovered in my former writings of a similar kind.