UP CPMT - 2002 (Botany)

Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. This particle is embedded in a paracrystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts.

This is the sequence of events in cell cycle. The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

Peacock would be the top consumer here. As there is no one to eat the peacock, so peacock acquires the top position.

Prokaryotes have circular DNA not coiled into chromosomes. It has no histone unlike eukaryotes.

Respiratory pathways are regulated through enzymes that catalyse individual steps of the pathway.

The actual pressure with which a cell absorbs water is called suction pressure.

Minamata disease is a form of methyl mercury poisoning caused by eating large quantities of fish and shellfish polluted by methyl mercury in factory wastewater first discovered in Japan.

It is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

The ultimate source of energy (for most ecosystems) is the Sun. The ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems is for it to be lost as heat. Energy and nutrients are passed from organism to organism through the food chain as one organism eats another. Decomposers remove the last energy from the remains of organisms.

World Environment Day is observed every year on 5^th June to raise global awareness to take positive environmental action to protect nature and the planet Earth. It is run by the United Nations Environment Programme.

Taj Mahal marble is being affected by SO₂ emissions from the nearby factories in Agra.

Green algae have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll a and b, giving them a bright green colour, as well as the accessory pigments beta carotene and xanthophylls, in stacked thylakoids.

Since moss gametophytes have no vascular system to transport water through the plant or waterproofing systems to prevent tissue water from evaporating, they live in a damp environment in which to grow, they require a surrounding of water to reproduce.

An energy pyramid is a graphical model of energy flow in a community. The different levels represent different groups of organisms that might compose a food chain. It is always upright as producers always occupy the bottom position.

A halophyte is a plant that grows in waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores.

The Quiescent Centre is a group of cells, up to 1,000 in number, in the form of a hemisphere, with the flat face towards the root tip.

An auxanometer is an apparatus for measuring increase or rate of growth in plants.

Eolian (or aeolian) sediments are wind deposited materials that consist primarily of sand or silt-sized particles.

Wilting refers to the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of plants. This occurs when the turgor pressure in non-lignified plant cells falls towards zero, as a result of diminished water in the cells. Wilting occurs by blocked xylem as xylem carries water in plants.

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It causes no pollution.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes.

Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants use energy from the sun to transform water, carbon dioxide and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds. ATP is formed here.

Ribonucleoprotein is a nucleoprotein that contains RNA, i.e. it is an association that combines ribonucleic acid and protein together. Ribosomes are made up of it.

Their hydrophobic regions pass through the membrane and interact with the hydrophobic tails of the lipid molecules in the interior of the bilayer, where they are sequestered away from water. Their hydrophilic regions are exposed to water on either side of the membrane, i.e. they are arranged in the head parallel arrangement.

Effect of pollution is first marked on green plants of the area.

In some situations, both alleles are expressed equally. A genetic scenario where neither allele is dominant nor recessive and both get expressed is known as codominance. This is not Mendel`s law.

Endosperm is the tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilisation. It is triploid in nature.

Lichens are the first to invade the barren land, mosses are the bryophytes which appear to be second. Herbs are the small sized soft plants which grow third. Shrubs are the bigger plants which grow after herbs.

Removal of ring wood of tissue outside vascular cambium causes the tree to be killed because phloem is also removed, which carries food.

Golgi bodies are membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum.

Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a phylum of fungi. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or in decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants. Example: Rhizopus

Hydrolytic enzyme is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. These are present in lysosomes.

Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of unicellular flagellates found in stagnant water and in damp soil in freshwater.

Cuticle is a protective, hydrophobic, waxy covering produced by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs.

When the movement occurs due to faster growth on the upper surface of an organ, it is said to be epinastic movement.

Example: Opening of floral buds

The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome found near Earth's equator. These are found in areas that have high rainfall and high temperature.

Genetic recombination is the transmission of genetic traits by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals. This is the consequence of sexual reproduction.

Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm, is a flowering plant species in the palm family Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit.

Adventitious roots arise from an organ other than the root; usually a stem, or sometimes a leaf. They are especially numerous on underground stems. It arises from plumule.

Nuclear membrane separates cytoplasm from nucleus. Thus, it helps in the exchange of materials between the two.

Graduated terrace steps are commonly used to do farming in hilly or mountainous terrain.

It is a soft plant tissue containing air spaces, found especially in many aquatic plants.

The euphotic zone is the layer closer to the surface that receives enough light for photosynthesis to occur. The disphotic zone is found just below the photic zone. The aphotic zone is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight.

Tansley coined the term ecosystem.

Circinate vernation is the manner in which a fern frond emerges. As the fern frond is formed, it is tightly curled so that the tender growing tip of the frond (and each subdivision of the frond) is protected within a coil.

A basal body is a protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum.

The rhizobia bacteria in the soil invades the root and multiplies within its cortex cells. It helps in the nitrogen fixation, thereby increasing the fertility of the soil.

Dialister pneumosintes is the smallest non-fermentative, anaerobic, gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria.

Community is an assemblage or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area and in a particular time.

Micronutrients are chemical elements or substances required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.