Indian Law and Constitution

The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, apply irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions.

Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in the northern part of India that serves as the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana.

A governor must be a citizen of India.
He must be at least thirty-five (35) years old.
He should not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
He should not hold any other office of profit.

Correct Answer: The President

Judicial review has become an integral part of our constitutional system and its powers are vested in the Supreme Court and all the High Courts.

The case for local self-government rests on the premise that it facilitates a training ground for democracy. The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, passed in 1992 by the Narasimha Rao government, came into force on April 24, 1993. It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level".

Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9^th and 15^th centuries. However, democracy involves people and lets them express freely. Thus, democracy is considered better than feudalism.

The Chief Minister is appointed by the governor. Art. 164 of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at its hand to aid and advise the governor. 

The President of India is a formal head of the state of India and the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. The President enjoys legislative, executive, judiciary and emergency powers. He is not appointed by anyone, rather he is elected indirectly.

Enforcing law of a municipal board is not the legislative power of the President, but the houses of parliament.

Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha (the directly elected 'people's house' of the Indian Parliament).
Money Bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of parliament, elected by the state and territorial legislatures or appointed by the president).

A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a two-third majority of the total number of members of the originating house. It is then sent to the other house. The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the President has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel. If the second house also approves the charges made by special majority again, the President stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated his/her office from the date when such a resolution stands passed.

Article 39A of the Constitution of India deals with equal justice and free legal aid.

Self-incrimination is the act of exposing oneself (generally, by making a statement) "to an accusation or charge of crime; to involve oneself or another [person] in a criminal prosecution or the danger thereof. It is related to the article 20(3) of Indian constitution. 

Sec 264 of IPC states the fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing.

All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court shall be in English language.

The assembly created and destroyed many drafts regarding the citizenship and even the final draft was amended for more than 100 times before it was finally incorporated in the Constitution as Part II.

Section 212 of IPC: Whenever an offence has been committed, whoever harbours or conceals a person whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the offender, with the intention of screening him from legal punishment, is called harbouring an offender.

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013, more popularly called the Anti-Rape Bill, is now a law. The Act came into force on 3^rd February, 2013.

Section 354D of the Indian Penal Code states that any man who —

follows a woman and contacts, or attempts to contact such woman to foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest by such woman; or monitors a woman by the use of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication, commits the offence of stalking.

In the Republic of India, the phrase "President's rule" refers to the imposition of Article 356 of the Constitution of India on a State whose constitutional machinery has failed. In the event that a State government is not able to function as per the Constitution, the State comes under the direct control of the central government; in other words, it is "under President's rule".

Defined under sec 503 of IPC - Whoever threatens another with any injury to his reputation or property, or to the reputation of anyone in whom that person is interested, with intent to cause alarm to that person, is said to commit criminal intimidation.

The minimum gap permissible between two sessions of Parliament is 90 days and the maximum gap pemissible is 6 months. 

Sec 354A of IPC deals with sexual harassment.

Section 82 in the Indian Penal Code: Nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age.

Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (M.L.A.s) of two Union Territories (i.e. National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry). The election process of President is a more extensive process than that of Prime Minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members only.

Section 9 of the Criminal Procedure Code:
The Sessions Judge of one sessions division may be appointed by the High Court to be also an Additional Sessions Judge of another division, and in such case, he may sit for the disposal of cases at such place or places in the other division as the High Court may direct.

Article 1 in the Constitution states that India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. The territory of India shall consist of: The territories of the states,
The Union territories, and
Any territory that may be acquired.

The Rajya Sabha was first constituted on 3 April, 1952, on the basis of the seats assigned to various States as shown in the then Fourth Schedule to the Constitution. It consisted of 216 members — 12 nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent States.