Indian Polity - 2

The fundamental rights and directive principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement.

Universal suffrage means all adult citizens have the right to vote regardless of wealth, literacy, gender, or social status. It is a fundamental democratic principle ensuring equal political participation.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution declares India to be a 'Secular' state, meaning the state treats all religions equally and does not promote or discriminate based on religion. The Directive Principles contain policy guidelines. The Sixth Schedule deals with tribal areas. The Appendix is not a constitutional feature.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution mentions Justice (social, economic, and political), Liberty (of thought, expression, faith, and worship), Equality (of status and opportunity), and Fraternity. It does NOT mention 'Education' as one of its key words. Education became a fundamental right later through the 86th Amendment (Article 21A), but is not in the original Preamble.

  Option 1 is the correct answer.

The main function of the 'Constituent Assembly' was framing the constitution.

A transitional area, a smaller urban area or a larger urban area means such area as the governor may specify by public notification for this purpose with regard to the following factors:

Statement 1: It is incorrect. In 1687-88, the first Municipal Corporation in India was set up at Madras. In 1726, Municipal Corporations were set in Bombay and Calcutta.
Statement 2: It is correct. Rural Urban Relation Committee was set up in 1963-66, which was headed by A. P. Jain who recommended that small town area committees should be merged with the panchayati raj institutions to avoid multiplicity in the pattern of local bodies.

Under the Indian Constitution, all executive actions of the state government are formally carried out in the name of the Governor, similar to how Union government actions are taken in the name of the President. The Governor is the constitutional head of the state.

The Governor of a state has the constitutional authority to prorogue (summon and end sessions of) the State Legislature. This is one of the Governor's legislative powers, similar to the President's power to prorogue Parliament at the Union level.

Power and position of the Supreme Court in India is very much like those of the highest court in USA.

Article 85 of the Constitution mandates that the gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot exceed six months. This provision ensures that Parliament meets at least twice a year and maintains regular legislative oversight of the executive. In practice, Parliament usually meets three times a year, well within this constitutional limit.

A Money Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only. If any question arises about whether a bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker thereon is final. The Speaker is under no obligation to consult anyone in coming to a decision or in giving his certificate that a bill is a Money Bill.

Article 75(5) of the Indian Constitution specifies that a Minister who is not a member of either House of Parliament must become a member within six months of their appointment. This constitutional provision ensures that ministers are accountable to Parliament and can participate in legislative proceedings. If they fail to get elected within six months, they must cease to be a minister.

The Constitutional (73^rd Amendment) Act, passed in 1992 by the Narasimha Rao government, came into force on April 24, 1993. It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level".

The Panchayati Raj was first introduced in the state of Rajasthan.

The Directive Principles are non-justiciable, which means that we can not go to the court if these rights are infringed or violated. But, the DPSPs are fundamental in governance as they are the aims that the government needs to achieve.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced through courts or law. Option C incorrectly claims they can be enforced through law, which makes it the correct answer to the question asking for the INCORRECT statement. Options A, B, and D correctly describe DPSP characteristics - they aim for welfare, guide all governments, and are fundamental guidelines.

To deal with the demand for creation of states on linguistic basis, the Linguistic Provinces Committee was appointed in December 1948. This Committee consisted of Jwaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramaiah, and hence, it was also known as JVP Committee. The Committee rejected language as the basis for reorganisation of states. It proposed for 'sovereignty, unity & economic prosperity' to be the criteria for creation of new states.

Religion is a great hindrance in the way of national integration. So, the main hindrance to the national integration in India is the absence of strong national consciousness.  

All of the given points are included in the list of duties of Chief Minister in relation to the Governor, except statement 3. It is one of the discretionary powers of the Governor to acknowledge that the government of the State cannot be carried in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and to inform the President regarding the same fact.

The President of India is elected by an electoral college that consists of elected members of both the Houses of the Parliament and the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies, i.e. the Lower House of the State Legislature. The members of the Upper House of the State Legislature, i.e. the Legislative Council, do not participate in the Presidential election in India.

Option (3) is the correct answer. 

The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and came into force on 26th January, 1950. 

It should be noted that the Indian Independence Act of 1947 designated the Governor-General of India and the provincial governors as the constitutional (nominal) heads of the state, not the real heads.
Rest all the statements are correct.

The Constituent Assembly appointed a number of committees to deal with different tasks of constitution making. Out of these, eight were major committees. These are:

Statement 1 is correct: Article 17 of the Indian Constitution seeks to abolish 'untouchability' and its practice, in any form, is forbidden.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Article 17 itself does not carry any provision of punishment for practice of untouchability. In fact, the Constitution of India lays this responsibility on the Parliament. In this context, the Indian Parliament passed the Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.

The correct order is:

The framers of the Indian constitution made DPSPs non-justiciable and legally non-binding because of the following reasons:

1. The country did not possess sufficient financial resources to implement them.

2. In their opinion, vast diversity and backwardness in the country would stand in the way of their implementation.
3. In their opinion, the newly-born independent Indian states, with their many preoccupations, might be crushed under the burden unless they were free to decide the order, the time, the place and the mode of fulfilling these DPSPs.