Human Physiology - 2

Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the posterior pituitary. Within hypothalamic neurons, the hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein called neurophysin, and both are released upon hormone secretion.

The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. It is a hollow muscular and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.

Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are parts of the microcirculation. They are only 1 cell thick. These microvessels, measuring 5-10 μm in diameter, connect arterioles and venules.

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile. The gallbladder is connected to the liver by the hepatic duct. It is approximately 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) long and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide. It is not an excretory organ.

Nephrology is a branch of internal medicine and pediatrics dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney.

The blood-ocular barrier is a barrier created by endothelium of capillaries of the retina and iris, ciliary epithelium and retinal pigment epithelium. It is a physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the eye itself, and stops many substances including drugs from traveling across it.

The brain is the centre of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. In vertebrates the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell.

The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles

In human anatomy, the sacral plexus is a nerve plexus which provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot and part of the pelvis. It is part of the lumbosacral plexus and emerges from the sacral vertebrae (S2-S4).

The parasympathetic system specifically is responsible for stimulation of rest-and-digest activities that occur when the body is at rest  including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation.

The basal ganglia is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions and learning.

The sinoatrial (SA) node is a section of nodal tissue that is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. The SA node is also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart.

In the kidney, the loop of Henle (or Henle's loop or ansa nephroni) is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.

The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. The human rectum is about 12 cm long.

In the kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Here water is re-absorbed.

This is where ultra-filtration takes place. Blood from the renal artery is forced into the glomerulus under high pressure. Most of the liquid is forced out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule which surrounds it. 

The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. The submandibular ganglion is responsible for innervation of two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland.

The vestibular nerve ganglion also called Scarpa's ganglion is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs.

Urophagia is the consumption of urine. There are various reasons that humans may consume urine. Urine was used in several ancient cultures for various health, healing and cosmetic purposes, practices which are still used by some people of these cultures today.

Cardiac arrhythmia is a term that denotes a disturbance of the heart rhythm. Cardiac arrhythmias can range in severity from entirely benign to immediately life-threatening.

The tunica adventitia is the strong outer covering of arteries and veins.

The superior vena cava is located in the upper chest region and is formed by the joining of the brachiocephalic veins. It is bordered by heart structures such as the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Cardiac arrhythmia known as heart murmurs are the irregularities in the sound that the heart makes when listened to by a doctor via the means of a stethescope. Sometimes heart murmurs are harmless. At other times, however, heart murmurs can be extremely serious .

Lant is called the aged urine. Lant had many uses in pre-industrial households. Most often, it was used for cleaning floors. It was effective because of the ammonium content.

The pulmonary arteries are unique in that unlike most arteries which carry oxygenated blood to other parts of the body, the pulmonary arteries carry de-oxygenated blood to the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the oxygen rich blood is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins.