Carbon Allotropes and Basic Chemistry

The Michael reaction or Michael addition is the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound. It belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions.

Prismane C₈ is a theoretically-predicted metastable carbon allotrope comprising an atomic cluster of eight carbon atoms, with the shape of an elongated triangular bipyramid—a six-atom triangular prism with two more atoms above and below its bases.

Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system.Graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system.

Linear acetylenic carbon (LAC) is an allotrope of carbon that has the chemical structure -(C≡C)n - as a repeating chain.The carbon atoms in this form are each linear in geometry  with sp orbital hybridisation. It is a polymer with alternating single and triple bonds.

Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have a crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions.

Carbon nanobuds are a newly discovered allotrope of carbon in which fullerene like buds are covalently attached to the outer sidewalls of the carbon nanotubes. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.

Aluminium chloride is the main compound of aluminium and chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron trichloride. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium metal. The compound is a Lewis acid.

In organic chemistry, the hydroboration-oxidation reaction is a two-step organic reaction that converts an alkene into a neutral alcohol by the net addition of water across the double bond.

Diisobutylaluminium hydride is a reducing agent .It is useful in organic synthesis for a variety of reductions and converting esters and nitriles to aldehydes. It efficiently reduces α-β unsaturated esters to the corresponding allylic alcohol. It acts as a co-catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.

The parent metallacyclopentadiene has the formula L_nM(CH)₄. Most arise from the coupling of two alkynes at a low valent metal centres such as derivatives of Co(I) and Zr(II). Late metal derivatives (Co, Ni) are intermediates in the metal-catalysed trimerization of alkynes to arenes. For example, the zirconacyclopentadiene Cp₂ZrC₄Me₄ is a useful carrier for C₄Me₄ ^2- .

Ethylene carbonate is an ester of ethylene glycol and carbonic acid. Ethylene carbonate is used as a polar solvent.  It can be used as a high permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.

Transmetalation is a general chemical reaction in organometallic chemistry describing the exchange of ligands between two metal centres.

Green chemistry also called sustainable chemistry. It is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. By reducing or eliminating the use or generation of these hazardous substances, chemists can greatly reduce the risk to human health and environment.