Computer Fundamentals - II

PARAM is a series of supercomputers developed by C-DAC in India.

Cycle stealing is a method used by DMA (Direct Memory Access) controllers to transfer data by temporarily taking control of the bus from the CPU.

A laser card is an optical memory card that uses laser technology to store data, similar to how video disks store information.

Standard Compact Discs (CDs), which were the primary optical media for high-quality music, have a diameter of 120 mm, which is approximately 4.7 inches.

Reel-to-reel tape drives were historically used for bulk data storage and backups in large-scale systems like mainframes.

A serial printer prints one character at a time. A daisy wheel printer is a classic example of a character (serial) printer.

In a hard disk drive, there is one read/write head for each recording surface of the disk stack.

The standard length for a full-size reel of half-inch magnetic tape is 2400 feet.

EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) is a digital process and does not rely on physical media like mark sensing or MICR in the way the question implies.

The end-of-reel marker is a reflective strip placed on magnetic tape to indicate the physical end of the usable tape.

ECIL (Electronics Corporation of India Limited) manufactured the TDC-312, which was the first indigenous computer in India.

Correct option is 1 

MS-DOS 1.0 was designed to be very lightweight and required only 8 KB of memory to run.

In positive logic, the higher voltage level is assigned the value of 1, and the lower voltage level is assigned the value of 0.

A turnaround document is a document that is sent to an external party (like a utility bill) and returned by them to the organization to be processed by an input device.

Correct option is (4). 

Magnetic bubble memory is a non-volatile storage technology that had access times in the millisecond range, typically around 30 ms.

Classic Ethernet (10Base5 and 10Base2) was originally designed using a bus topology where all devices shared a single communication medium. While modern switched Ethernet uses star topology, the fundamental definition of Ethernet is historically linked to bus.

Communication satellites are the most efficient way to connect computers over very large, wide geographical areas (WANs) because they bypass the need for physical cabling across vast distances or difficult terrain.

Memory protection is the specific mechanism used to control access to memory, ensuring that processes cannot access memory segments they are not authorized to use. Memory management is the broader process of allocating and deallocating memory.

Magnetic bubble memories utilize thin films of magnetic garnet materials. The magnetic domains (bubbles) are moved through the garnet crystal lattice.

Baud rate refers to the number of signal changes per second, while bit rate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second. They are only equal if each signal change represents exactly one bit.

A disk cartridge is a removable storage medium that contains a single rigid magnetic disk, often used in older computer systems for portable storage.

Early magnetic bubble memory devices were typically manufactured with a capacity of 1 Megabit per chip.

Option (2) is correct.

In some technical contexts, the term epoch time refers to the reference point or interval spacing in time-series data or signal processing.

Job monitoring is the function of tracking and managing the execution status of various jobs within a computing system.

Literals are constant values used in programming that are placed directly into the code and are output exactly as written.

AHPL stands for A Hardware Programming Language, which is a hardware description language used for designing digital systems.

In flowcharting, arithmetic operations and data manipulations are represented by rectangular processing symbols.

PC/M (often referred to as CP/M) was a popular operating system and system programming environment for early Intel-based microcomputers.

In master-slave architecture, a device that operates under the control of another (the master) is called a slave device.

DSDD stands for Double Sided Double Density, which provides more storage capacity than single-sided or single-density formats.

A template is a plastic tool with cutouts of standard flowchart symbols used to draw flowcharts by hand.

Standard hard disk drives (HDDs) typically rotate at speeds such as 3600, 5400, or 7200 RPM. 3600 RPM was a common standard for early hard disks.

A Winchester disk is a type of hard disk drive that uses a sealed assembly containing the disk stack and read/write heads.

The number of disks in a stack varies by model, but 2 is a common minimum for a basic disk stack assembly in educational examples.

Gray code is a minimum error code (or unit distance code) because only one bit changes when moving from one number to the next, which minimizes errors in mechanical or electronic transitions.

A self-complementing BCD code is one where the 9's complement of a decimal digit is obtained by taking the 1's complement of its binary representation. The sum of the weights in such a code must equal 9 (e.g., 2421 code: 2+4+2+1=9).

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard that represents text in computers, including letters, numbers, and symbols, making it an alphanumeric code.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed the Stepped Reckoner in the 17th century, a mechanical calculator capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root extraction.

Excess-3 code is a non-weighted code where each decimal digit is represented by adding 3 to the digit before converting to binary. It is a self-complementing code because the 9's complement of a decimal digit is obtained by taking the 1's complement of its excess-3 binary representation.