Nervous System

These neurons fire in bursts. They generate action potentials for a brief time period at the onset of a stimulus and regardless of stimulus amplitude or duration, and hence behave as signal detectors. Typical example are retinal ganglion cells (neurons).

This lobe borders the parahippocampal gyrus of the limbic lobe. It is responsible for the ability to read, understand, and speak.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus. It regulates the circadian cycles and also influences many physiological and behavioural rhythms occurring over a 24-hour period, such as the sleep/wake cycle.

The ventral nucleus of the thalamus is not a part of the Papez circuit. It acts with the anterior part of the ventral lateral nucleus to modify signals from the basal ganglia.

The internal capsule is a thick layer of white matter separating the caudate nucleus and thalamus. It is the major route by which the cerebral cortex is connected with the brainstem and spinal cord.

The principal pathway of the hypothalamus in the central autonomic network is the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. It is a bundle of thin, poorly myelinated nerve fibers reciprocally connecting the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus with ventral parts of the central gray substance of the midbrain.

The postcommissural branch of the fornix conjoins the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus.

The hippocampus is involved in the formation of new memories, but not in the storage of old memories after they have been consolidated.

The non-dominant parietal lobe integrates the contralateral side of the body with its environment enabling people to be aware of this environmental space, and is important for abilities such as drawing. Lesions of the right posterior parietal visuocortex (i.e. parietal-occipital cortex) most likely produces visual neglect. 

 The orbital frontal cortex regulates social behaviour of an organism. People with orbital frontal lesions can become emotionally labile.

Basal ganglia is located in forebrain. Its main function is the action selection on the basis of motivation.

The neurons do not undergo cell division once they have matured during the development of the organism, thus they will not proliferate in the CNS in response to injury.

Fibrous astrocytes are found throughout all white matter. They perform many functions including biochemical support of endothelial cells that form the blood–brain barrier, distribution of nutrients to the nervous tissue and the maintenance of extracellular pH balance.

 The nervous system combines information from the different senses (vision, hearing touch, etc), and each part of the brain combines information from many other parts of the brain. All this take place because neurons have dendrites, which are designed to combine or integrate information.

Because there is only sufficient neurotransmitter available in a nerve ending for a minute or so of continued released, the biosynthesis of new neurotransmitter to fill the recycled neurotransmitter vesicle is necessary for continued availability of neurotransmitter for release.