Indian Polity - 1

In a republic form of government, the head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary monarch. This word denotes a government where no one holds a public power as proprietary right. A democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. The President of India is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The post of the President of India is not hereditary. Every citizen of India is eligible to become the President of the country. The leader of the state is elected by the people.

The Indian Constitution does not recognize property right as a fundamental right. In the year 1977, the 44th amendment eliminated the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property as a fundamental right. However, in another part of the Constitution, Article 300 (A) was inserted to affirm that no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law. The result is that the right to property as a fundamental right is now substituted as a statutory right. 

Indian federation model resembles the Canadian one where instead of federation it is known by the term Union.

The Prime Minister in India will have to resign when the Lok Sabha turns down his budget proposals. If a budget is not passed, there is a no confidence motion. If the Prime Minister loses the no confidence motion, he has to resign.

The Governor is a constitutional head of the state. Though in most matters he has to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, he can exercise discretion in some cases. The Constitution does not specify these matters, but the matters in which he can act without the advice of the Council of Ministers, like the selection of Chief Minister if no political party has a clear-cut majority. 

Option 3 is correct.
During a national emergency, many Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended. The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. By contrast, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended according to the original Constitution. 

If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he or she can declare financial emergency. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. Such a situation had arisen, but was avoided by putting the gold assets of India as collateral for foreign credit. 
It remains enforced till the President revokes it.
In case of a financial emergency, the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.
The phrase Emergency period, used loosely when referring to the political history of India, often refers to the third and the most controversial of the three occasions.

Option 4 is correct.

The Indian Constitution, vests in the President of India, all the executive powers of the Central Government. The President appoints the Prime Minister, the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Parliamentary government is the 'fusion' of powers between the executive and parliament.
The first feature of parliamentary government is that governments are formed as a result of parliamentary elections, based on the strength of party representation in the commons. The party with the majority in the commons forms the government. 

The right to free and compulsory education up to the age of fourteen is not included in the Directive Principles of State Policy 

Governor is an integral part of the State Legislature as the President is in the Parliament. Article 168(1) of the Indian Constitution provides that for every State, there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor and two Houses or one House, as the case may be. He plays multifaceted role in the administration of the State even though he is not a member of the State Legislature. He is the executive head of the State. All executive actions in the State are taken in his name. He is empowered to exercise his executive power either directly or through the officers, who are subordinate to him.

The Constitution of India was enacted, signed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. 
On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India came into force.

The Act provided a dual form of government (a dyarchy) for the major provinces. In each such province, control of some areas of government, the transferred list, were given to a government of ministers answerable to the Provincial Council. The 'transferred list' included agriculture, supervision of local government, health and education. The Provincial Councils were enlarged.

The Preamble to the Constitution of India declares that India is a secular country. The term secularism refers to the governmental practice of indifference towards religion. Secular politics attempt to prevent religious philosophies or bodies from influencing governmental policies. The philosophy that the Indian constitution upholds is a kind of secular humanism made relevant through a historical development of the ideology within the context of religious pluralism in India.

The President of India may resign from his office by writing to the Vice President of India. 

The retirement age of a Judge of the Supreme Court is 65 years. 

1. National Emergency (Article 352)
On the grounds of security threats to India by war, external aggression or armed rebellion, the President can proclaim this emergency only after receiving a written recommendation from the Cabinet.
2. State Emergency (Article 356)
Emergency due to failure of constitutional machinery in State.
The President's rule can be imposed when the President is satisfied, on the basis of either a report of the State Governor or otherwise, that the governance of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)
The President can proclaim Financial Emergency if he is satisfied that the financial stability or the credit of India or any part thereof is threatened.

Habeas corpus - 'You must present the person in court' is a writ (legal action) which requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court. This ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention, in other words, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to the prisoner's aid. The legal right to apply for a habeas corpus is also called by the same name. This right originated in the English legal system, and is now available in many nations. It has historically been an important legal instrument safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state action. 

The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both the Houses of the Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The voting in such election is done by a secret ballot.

Fundamental Rights are enforceable in a court of law.

Right to property is not a political right of a citizen. 

Mahatma Gandhi felt the importance of establishment of 'Gram Raj' in India because villages are the backbone of the nation and help for the welfare of all people. 

A democratic government does not try to secure equality of work.

Under Article 200, the Governor can reserve a bill passed by the legislature for reconsideration of the President. A bill can be reserved under the following circumstances:
(i) if the bill is unconstitutional
(ii) if it is against the larger interest of the country
(iii) if it is in direct opposition to the Directive Princi­ples of State Policy
(iv) if the bill passed by the state legislature is of grave national importance
(v) if it endangers the position of the High Court
(vi) if the bill deals with the compulsory acquisition of property under Article 31(3)