Indian Constitutional Framework and Governance

The President is the formal head of the legislature, executive and judiciary branches of Indian democracy. The President of India does not appoint the Chief Minister of a State. The public appoints the Chief Minister of State in India.

A money bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only. If any question arises whether a bill is a money bill or not, the decision of the Speaker thereon is final. The Speaker is under no obligation to consult anyone in coming to a decision or in giving his certificate that a bill is a money bill. 

The Indian Councils Act, 1909 (Morley-Minto reforms) was passed by the British Parliament in 1909 in an attempt to widen the scope of legislative councils.

The salient feature of the Indian Constitution includes all the given options, except (1). Presidential type of government is not the salient feature of the Indian constitution. India follows Parliamentary type of government. USA follows a Presidential type of government. 

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions.
The Constitution of India is divided into 22 parts. 

The name of the Parliament of India is SANSAD. There are two houses of the Parliment - the Rajya Sabha (the Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (the House of the People). 

The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India. Following India's independence from the Great Britain, its members served as the nation's first Parliament. The Constituent Assembly held eleven sessions. 

The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India. Following India's independence from the Great Britain, its members served as the nation's first Parliament. The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during the meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22^nd July, 1947, a few days before India's independence from the British on 15^th August, 1947. 

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining the fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. Originally, there were 395 Articles and 8 Schedules, which further increased to 12. 

The assembly met in its second plenary session from 20-24 January, 1947 and adopted an 'Objective Resolution' moved by Jawaharlal Nehru. The objective of the framers of the constitution was declared to be the creation of Sovereign Democratic Republic for India. 

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the Chairman of the first Rajya Sabha. He was the only Chairman to have two terms (13.5.1952-12.5.1962). 

In India, the Rajya Sabha is called the Upper House which has 250 members. Members sit for staggered six-years term, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.

The Rajya Sabha has at most 250 members, of which 238 are elected indirectly by the legislatures of each state and union territory. Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of each state or union territory. The other 12 members are nominated by the President of India.

All the principles of the constitution once formed cannot be amended by any authority. So, the basic features of the Indian Constitution do not amount to a change was said by the Supreme Court of India.

Article 368 of the Constitution governs constitutional amendments. The provisions were inserted by the Forty-second Amendment Act, but have been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case. All the given options are the judgements which are historical in respect of amendment to Article 368 of the Constitution.

The President's powers include vetoing, approving legislation, issuing proclamations and executive orders. 

The US Supreme Court has the supreme power because the framers of the Constitution stated in Article III, Section 1, that The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 

Rajendra Prasad (3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian politician who became the first President of India. He was one of the architects of the Indian Republic, having served as the president of the Constituent Assembly and later as the first president of independent India. 

The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the Buddhist Dharmachakra, represented with 24 spokes. It is called so, because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, most prominent among which, is the Lion Capital of Sarnath which has been adopted as the National Emblem of the Republic of India.

Rigid Constitution are those Constitution that can not be changed. Flexible Constitution are Constitution that can be changed through a process of amendment. 

<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;background:white;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">The <span style="border:none" windowtext="" 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none="" 0in;padding:0in="">Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the <span style="border:none" windowtext="" 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none="" 0in;padding:0in="">Constitution of India, and following independence served as the nation's first <span style="border:none" windowtext="" 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none="" 0in;padding:0in="">Parliament.<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa=""> The Union Constitution Committee, formed by the Constituent Assembly, was headed by <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">Jawaharlal Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress when fairly young.  

The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement, which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state. The Fundamental Right enforceable during the period of emergency is Right to Life and Liberty. 

<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">Proclamation of National Emergency has been defined under <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">article 352.According to this, If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may, by Proclamation, made a declaration to that effect in respect of the whole of India or of such part of the territory thereof as may be specified in the Proclamation Explanation. 

<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">Amendment of the Constitution of India<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;background:white;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa=""> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;background:white;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law. Changes to the <span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">Indian constitution are made by the federal parliament. They must be approved by a super-majority in each house of the Parliament of India, and certain amendments must also be ratified by the states. The procedure is laid out in Part XX, Article 368, of the Constitution. 

<span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;background:white;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">The basic structure doctrine was first articulated by Chief Justice Sarv Mittra Sikri in the landmark decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala .Previously, the Supreme Court had held that the power of parliament to amend the constitution was unfettered.