Medical Biology: Renal and Immune Systems
This quiz covers advanced topics in renal physiology, immunology, and autoimmune diseases to help students prepare for biology and medical examinations.
Questions
Which of the following statements is true regarding the human kidneys?
- The renal cortex lies inside the medulla.
- The left kidney lies lower than the right.
- The renal veins drain directly into the superior vena cava.
- The link between the kidney and the bladder is the urethra.
- The renal cortex contains all the glomeruli.
In the human beings, IgE antibodies are produced by ______________.
- mast cells
- eosinophils
- basophils
- T lymphocytes
- plasma cells
Which among the following types of cells are best known to be involved in the initial presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes in a human blood?
- Dendritic cells
- Plasma cells
- Neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Platelets
Which of the following cells are not associated with the monocyte-macrophage lineage in the blood?
- Follicular dendritic cells of lymph nodes
- Neutrophils
- Kupffer cells in liver
- Histiocytes in tissues
- Monocytes in blood
Which one of the following is the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children?
- Henoch-Schönlein nephritis
- Minimal-change nephropathy
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- IgA nephropathy
A phagocyte is a type of cell that has the ability to ingest and sometimes digest foreign particles such as bacteria, carbon, dust or dye. Which of the following cell types is phagocytic in nature?
- Hepatocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Plasma cells
Raman is a sufferer of autoimmune diseases. Which of these conditions is not associated with autoimmune diseases?
- FAS deficiency
- APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dysplasia Disease)
- C IPEX, (Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked)
- C6 deficiency
- C2 deficiencies
A lung neoplasm is an abnormal growth on or in the lung. Which of the following binds the protein required for the growth of a neoplastic lung?
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- TSH receptor
- Acetylcholine receptor
- Creatine kinase
- Neuromedin B receptor
The pathogenic autoantibody in Graves’ disease has specificity for _____________.
- nuclei
- thyroid peroxidase
- thyroglobulin
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors
- TSH
Almost all children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have serum antibodies to which of the following autoantigens at presentation?
- Pancreatic islet cells
- Thyroid microsomes
- Gastric parietal cells
- Nuclei
- IgG molecules
Which among the following statements does not characterises metabolic alkalosis by the nephrons?
- In a metabolic alkalosis, plasma bicarbonate is raised.
- ADH excess causes excess renal bicarbonate reabsorption.
- A normal plasma chloride concentration is necessary for normal renal bicarbonate excretion.
- A rise in plasma carbon dioxide level causes a respiratory acidosis.
- Panic attacks cause a transient respiratory alkalosis in human beings.
Which among the following statements is incorrect regarding the renal tubular acidosis?
- It occurs when the kidney does not reabsorb sodium ions.
- Bicarbonate loss from the kidney causes acidosis.
- Proximal renal tubular acidosis is associated with other tubular disorders.
- Distal renal tubular acidosis is associated with multi system disorders.
- Hypoaldosteronism can cause a renal tubular acidosis.
Which of the following is a true statement about chronic urticaria?
- It must be present for at least 3 weeks.
- It is commonly due to urticarial vasculitis.
- It can be triggered by IgE antibodies to aspirin.
- It can be associated with autoantibodies to Fc epsilon RI.
- Systemic steroids are usually required to suppress attacks.
Which one of the following statements is false about allergic asthma?
- Ciclosporin therapy in severe disease is helpful.
- Is characterized by reversible airways obstruction.
- Th2 cells are found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
- Affects around 10% of the population.
- The relevant allergen provoking allergic asthma in a given patient is diagnosed routinely by use of RAST.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against acetylcholine nicotinic postsynaptic receptors. Which of the following statements about the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is true?
- Myasthenia gravis is the result of a type II immunological hypersensitivity reaction.
- MG is caused by antibodies directed against presynaptic calcium channel receptors.
- MG is never caused by therapeutic drugs.
- Pregnancy poses a huge risk of neonatal MG to the foetus.
- Extraocular muscles remains unaffected.