Respiration - 1

O₂ is a reactant in an aerobic respiration.

Cytochromes are required by both respiration and photosynthesis. They are hemeproteins containing heme groups and are primarily responsible for the generation of ATP via electron transport.

The process of breakdown of carbohydrates to produce CO₂, water and energy is called respiration.

The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane attached to the entrance of the larynx. It prevents entry of food in the windpipe.

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and terminal oxidation are the different steps of aerobic respiration.

Both respiration and photosynthesis require cytochromes.

A major advantage of aerobic respiration is the amount of energy it releases. Without oxygen, organisms can just split glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This releases only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules.

Due to formation of lactic acid, muscle cramps are caused after heavy exercise.

Respiration in plants is a characteristic of all living cells.

Prawn respires through gills.Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area

During injury and infection, rate of O₂ consumption increases to meet the oxygen demand over that  area .

Trachea is called a windpipe.It is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs. It is an integral part of the body’s airway and has the vital function of providing air flow to and from the lungs for respiration.

Contractions of the external intercostal muscles bring about increase in the volume of thoracic cavity.

Mammalian lungs have numerous alveoli for increasing the surface area for gaseous diffusion.

Cartilaginous rings prevents collapsing of trachea.

Lactic acid is produced by fermentation.It is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol.

Glucose is the most common respiratory substrate.Respiratory substrate is just any organic substance that can be broken down in respiration to release energy - so carbohydrates, lipids and proteins essentially.

Fats yield the highest energy per gram. It is 37 J/G.

The trachea is prevented from collapsing due to the presence of cartilaginous rings.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.