Directions: A brief passage or a statement is given and a question is asked, based on the information provided in the passage/statement. Critically examine the five alternative answer options marked (1) to (5) and choose the best answer.
�Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely�
You are most likely to refute your opponent's argument using the above line, if he says that

Directions: A brief passage or a statement is given and a question is asked, based on the information provided in the passage/statement. Critically examine the five alternative answer options marked (1) to (5) and choose the best answer.
I won't play with your dog because I'll be scratching my body all the time if I do. Thrice in the past I have played with it and each time, it makes me adopt ridiculous postures, scratching myself all over the body.
The above argument is most like which of the following ones?

Directions: A brief passage or a statement is given and a question is asked, based on the information provided in the passage/statement. Critically examine the five alternative answer options marked (1) to (5) and choose the best answer.
�Anne goes out alone during day-light hours, but goes out after dark, only if both Fruity and Cherry are with her.�
Which of the following conclusions can be logically inferred from the statements above?

Directions: In the following question, there are two statements which can be combined into a single statement in a number of different ways without changing their meaning. Below them are given three probable starters of such combined sentence. Decide upon which is/are correct, if any, and answer the questions.
STATEMENTS:
I like this book very much.
I must buy it.
STARTERS:
I. For the reason that ____
II. As ____
III. Because ____

Directions: A brief passage or a statement is given and a question is asked, based on the information provided in the passage/statement. Critically examine the five alternative answer options marked (1) to (5) and choose the best answer.
“Ronaldo scored at least ten goals in the last World Cup Soccer Tournament”.
This inference can be logically deduced from which of the following statements?

Directions: In the following question, there are two statements which can be combined into a single statement in a number of different ways without changing their meaning. Below them are given three probable starters of such combined sentence. Decide upon which is/are correct, if any, and answer the questions.
STATEMENTS:
They have decided to bury the hatchet.
They will be friends once again.
STARTERS:
I. They will be friends once again, ____
II. Since they have ____
III. Having decided ____

Directions: Three sentences are given below. One, two or all the sentences may have error(s) of grammar or syntax or standard English usage. Identify only the sentence/s that is/are incorrect.

A. To restore the peace the elements tending to subvert the security of the country should be put down ruthlessly.
B. He has got into hot waters for defying his boss and entering into an argument with him.
C. Raminder shall bring the bag along. He has to.

Directions: Three sentences are given below. One, two or all the sentences may have error(s) of grammar or syntax or standard English usage. Identify only the sentences that are incorrect.
(A) On the birthday of the leader, his every follower called on him and felicitated him.
(B) It is a characteristic of a good novel that it does not leave us as dissatisfied at the end.
(C) He is his own boss and refuses to be dictated.

Directions: Three sentences are given below. One, two or all the sentences may have error(s) of grammar or syntax or standard English usage. Identify only the sentences that are incorrect.
(A) I for whom the letter was meant, is affected far less than my friend who happened to read it.
(B) There was not a single voice of dissent, and yet the proposal could not be put through the paces.
(C) From each according to his capacity to each according to his need, is the guiding principle of communism.

Directions: For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all the blanks in the way that best completes the sentence.
What is so frequently termed feminine indecision, the (i) of women to make up their minds, is in fact a/an (ii)_ reflection of the 'trigger-thinking' of man.
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
inability inverted
incapacity direct
failure inverse

Directions: For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all the blanks in the way that best completes the sentence.
Women are more ready to make (i), to consider the alternative possibilities and see the other colours and _(ii) in the range between black and white.
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
compromises gradations
adjustments variations
sacrifice mutations

Directions: For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all the blanks in the way that best completes the sentence.
A black hole is a body which is (i)__ because its gravitational pull is so strong that even light cannot escape from its (ii)___
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
dark vicinity
imperceptible gravity
invisible proximity

Directions: The question is a logical sequence of sentences with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available, you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.
Every American President has a “religion”, a creed to guide him in office. The new President's creed may be called the “New Covenant”. It is a solemn agreement between the people and their government based not simply on what each can take, but on what all must give. It offers opportunity even as it demands responsibility. (……………………………………………………………………………………….. .)

Directions: The question is a logical sequence of sentences with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available, you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.
As many as two million elderly Americans a year suffer from abuse or neglect. They are victims of outright physical abuse, subtle neglect or psychological mistreatment. The offenders are their own relatives or trusted caretakers. (………………………………………………………………….) Malnutrition, depression and even bruises and welts are simply ascribed to the presumed frailties of old age or chronic disease.

Directions: The question is a logical sequence of sentences with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available, you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.
The pursuit of social success is the most important obstacle to happiness in a competitive society. I am not denying, however, that success is an important ingredient in happiness. (………………………….) If you don't have some spontaneous “useless” pleasures, you will be miserable. Living for social success is living by a theory, and all living by theory is dusty and desiccatory.

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:" 'times="" new="" roman';="" font-size:="" medium;="">Directions: The question is a logical sequence of sentences with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available, you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.
(………………………………………..). We have engineered cars, therefore, with engines whose performance reduces fuel consumption and emissions. That is also why we now construct cars with more and more recyclable and non-polluting materials. And we dampen the sound caused by incoming air and outgoing exhaust. We also build our engines with special components to insure that our cars leave only a minimum of noise in their path.

Directions: For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all the blanks in the way that best completes the sentence.
The cockroach, that (i) creature and the housewife's persistent foe (ii) the dinosaur and could even survive a nuclear disaster.
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
repulsive ancestors
repellant predates
repugnant precedes

Directions: For each blank select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all the blanks in the way that best completes the sentence.
An (i)_ or clouding of the lens which ____ (ii)___ passage of light occurs at an advanced age.
Blank (i) Blank (ii)
opacity prevents
obfuscation impedes
obliquity impairs

Directions: The question is a logical sequence of sentences with a missing link, the location of which is shown parenthetically. From the four choices available, you are required to choose the one which best fits the sequence logically.

There was a time when every hiccup from Moscow made headlines around the world. With the end of the cold war, the media shifted their attention to the other parts of the world. (…………………………….) That is why we have devoted a large section of this issue to a special report on Russia. The former Soviet Union’s fate is still important to America and the rest of the world, we feel.

Which of the following purposes is served by the first paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?

PASSAGE – I

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations — novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/ 4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements.  Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families — 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

Which of the following is a major problem in uncovering the genetic basis of autism in terms of the conventional approach?

PASSAGE – I

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations — novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/ 4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements.  Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families — 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

Which of the following could have been the most suitable title for the above passage?

PASSAGE – I

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations — novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/ 4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements.  Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families — 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

The author could have been all of the following except

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

Why does the author state that the word 'criminal doesn't have a clearly defied meaning'?

PASSAGE – II

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

There can be no sane discussion of "crime" and "criminals" without an investigation of the meaning of the words. A large majority of men, even among the educated, speak of a "criminal" as if the word had a clearly defined meaning. As a matter of fact, there is no such division, and from the nature of things, there never can be such a line.

Strictly speaking, a crime is an act forbidden by the law of the land, and one which is considered sufficiently serious to warrant providing penalties for its commission. It does not necessarily follow that this act is either good or bad; the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not necessarily for any moral transgression. No doubt most of the things forbidden by the penal code are such as are injurious to the organized society of the time and place, and are usually of such a character as for a long period of time, and in most countries, have been classed as criminal. But even then it does not always follow that the violator of the law is not a person of higher type than the majority who are directly and indirectly responsible for the law.

It is apparent that a thing is not necessarily bad because it is forbidden by the law. Legislators are forever repealing and abolishing criminal statutes, and organized society is constantly ignoring laws, until they fall into disuse and die. The laws against witchcraft, the long line of "blue laws," the laws affecting religious beliefs and many social customs, are well-known examples of legal and innocent acts which legislatures and courts had once made criminal. Not only are criminal statutes always dying by repeal or repeated violation, but every time a legislature meets, it changes penalties for existing crimes and makes criminal certain acts that were not forbidden before.

The passage is primarily an attempt to

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

Why does the author believe that the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not for moral transgression?

PASSAGE – II

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

There can be no sane discussion of "crime" and "criminals" without an investigation of the meaning of the words. A large majority of men, even among the educated, speak of a "criminal" as if the word had a clearly defined meaning. As a matter of fact, there is no such division, and from the nature of things, there never can be such a line.

Strictly speaking, a crime is an act forbidden by the law of the land, and one which is considered sufficiently serious to warrant providing penalties for its commission. It does not necessarily follow that this act is either good or bad; the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not necessarily for any moral transgression. No doubt most of the things forbidden by the penal code are such as are injurious to the organized society of the time and place, and are usually of such a character as for a long period of time, and in most countries, have been classed as criminal. But even then it does not always follow that the violator of the law is not a person of higher type than the majority who are directly and indirectly responsible for the law.

It is apparent that a thing is not necessarily bad because it is forbidden by the law. Legislators are forever repealing and abolishing criminal statutes, and organized society is constantly ignoring laws, until they fall into disuse and die. The laws against witchcraft, the long line of "blue laws," the laws affecting religious beliefs and many social customs, are well-known examples of legal and innocent acts which legislatures and courts had once made criminal. Not only are criminal statutes always dying by repeal or repeated violation, but every time a legislature meets, it changes penalties for existing crimes and makes criminal certain acts that were not forbidden before.

Which of the following is most correct in the context of the above passage?

PASSAGE – I

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations — novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/ 4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements.  Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families — 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

The passage helps us answer which of the following questions?1. What was the reason behind choosing 60 as the basis of astronomical calculations?2. When did the use of minute start among the general populace?3. Did the Greeks build on others' work in timekeeping devices?4. What was the reason that the Egyptians started developing timekeeping devices?

Choose your answer from the following options.

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

What is the central idea of the passage?

PASSAGE – II

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

There can be no sane discussion of "crime" and "criminals" without an investigation of the meaning of the words. A large majority of men, even among the educated, speak of a "criminal" as if the word had a clearly defined meaning. As a matter of fact, there is no such division, and from the nature of things, there never can be such a line.

Strictly speaking, a crime is an act forbidden by the law of the land, and one which is considered sufficiently serious to warrant providing penalties for its commission. It does not necessarily follow that this act is either good or bad; the punishment follows for the violation of the law and not necessarily for any moral transgression. No doubt most of the things forbidden by the penal code are such as are injurious to the organized society of the time and place, and are usually of such a character as for a long period of time, and in most countries, have been classed as criminal. But even then it does not always follow that the violator of the law is not a person of higher type than the majority who are directly and indirectly responsible for the law.

It is apparent that a thing is not necessarily bad because it is forbidden by the law. Legislators are forever repealing and abolishing criminal statutes, and organized society is constantly ignoring laws, until they fall into disuse and die. The laws against witchcraft, the long line of "blue laws," the laws affecting religious beliefs and many social customs, are well-known examples of legal and innocent acts which legislatures and courts had once made criminal. Not only are criminal statutes always dying by repeal or repeated violation, but every time a legislature meets, it changes penalties for existing crimes and makes criminal certain acts that were not forbidden before.

The style of the passage cannot be faulted on all of the following grounds except

1.     It does not exemplify the ideas presented.
   

2.     It is full of too many details.
   

3.     It is littered with jargon.
   

PASSAGE – IV

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage

It is evident that, in what is called the evolution of animal forms, the foot came in suddenly when the backboned creatures began to live on the dry land--that is, with the frogs. How it came in is a question which still puzzles the phylogenists, who cannot find a sure pedigree for the frog. There it is, anyhow, and the remarkable point about it is that the foot of a frog is not a rudimentary thing, but an authentic standard foot, like the yard measure kept in the Tower of London, of which all other feet are copies or adaptations. This instrument, as part of the original outfit given to the pioneers of the brainy, backboned, and four-limbed races, when they were sent out to multiply and replenish the earth, is surely worth considering well. It consists essentially of a sole, or palm, made up of small bones and of five separate digits, each with several joints.

In the hind foot of a frog the toes are very long and webbed from point to point. In this it differs a good deal from the toad, and there is significance in the difference. The "heavy-gaited toad," satisfied with sour ants, hard beetles, and such other fare as it can easily pick up, and grown nasty in consequence, so that nothing seeks to eat it, has hobbled through life, like a plethoric old gentleman, until the present day, on its original feet. The more versatile and nimble-witted frog, seeking better diet and greater security of life, went back to the element in which it was bred, and, swimming much, became better fitted for swimming. The soft elastic skin between the fingers or toes is just the sort of tissue which responds most readily to inward impulses, and we find that the very same change has come about in those birds and beasts which live much in water. I know that this is not the accepted theory of evolution, but I am waiting till it shall become so. We all develop in the direction of our tendencies, and shall, I doubt not, be wise enough some day to give animals leave to do the same.

When we pass from reptiles to birds, lo! an astounding thing has happened. That there were flying reptiles in the fossil ages we know, and there are flying beasts in our own. But the wings of these are simple mechanical alterations, which the imagination of a child, or a savage, could explain. The hands of a bat are hands still, and, though the fingers are hampered by their awkward gloves, the thumbs are free. The giant fruit bats of the tropics clamber about the trees quite acrobatically with their thumbs and feet. Here is a whole sub-kingdom, as they call it, of the animal world which has unreservedly and irrevocably bartered one pair of its limbs for a flying-machine. The apparatus is made of feathers--a new invention, unknown to amphibian or saurian, whence obtained nobody can say—and these are grafted into the transformed frame of the old limbs. The bargain was worth making, for the winged bird at once soared away in all senses from the creeping things of earth, and became a more ethereal being. But the price was heavy. The bird must get through life with one pair of feet and its mouth.

And let us note that the art of standing began with birds. Frogs sit, and, as far as I know, every reptile, be it lizard, crocodile, alligator, or tortoise, lays its body on the ground when not actually carrying it. And these have each four fat legs. Contrast the flamingo, which, having only two, and those like willow wands, tucks up one of them and sleeps poised high on the other, like a tulip on its stem. Note also that one toe has been altogether discarded by birds as superfluous. The germ, or bud, must be there, for the Dorking fowl has produced a fifth toe under some influence of the poultry-yard, but no natural bird has more than four. Except in swifts, which never perch, but cling to rocks and walls, one is turned backwards, and, by a cunning contrivance, the act of bending the leg draws them all automatically together. So a hen closes its toes at every step it takes, as if it grasped something, and, of course, when it settles down on its roost, they grasp that tight and hold it fast till morning. But to birds that do not perch this mechanism is only an encumbrance, so many of them, like the plovers, abolish the hind toe entirely, and the prince of all two-legged runners, the ostrich, has got rid of one of the front toes also, retaining only two.

In terms of its nature, the passage could be characterized as which of the following?

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

In the above passage, the author basically discusses

PASSAGE – IV

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage

It is evident that, in what is called the evolution of animal forms, the foot came in suddenly when the backboned creatures began to live on the dry land--that is, with the frogs. How it came in is a question which still puzzles the phylogenists, who cannot find a sure pedigree for the frog. There it is, anyhow, and the remarkable point about it is that the foot of a frog is not a rudimentary thing, but an authentic standard foot, like the yard measure kept in the Tower of London, of which all other feet are copies or adaptations. This instrument, as part of the original outfit given to the pioneers of the brainy, backboned, and four-limbed races, when they were sent out to multiply and replenish the earth, is surely worth considering well. It consists essentially of a sole, or palm, made up of small bones and of five separate digits, each with several joints.

In the hind foot of a frog the toes are very long and webbed from point to point. In this it differs a good deal from the toad, and there is significance in the difference. The "heavy-gaited toad," satisfied with sour ants, hard beetles, and such other fare as it can easily pick up, and grown nasty in consequence, so that nothing seeks to eat it, has hobbled through life, like a plethoric old gentleman, until the present day, on its original feet. The more versatile and nimble-witted frog, seeking better diet and greater security of life, went back to the element in which it was bred, and, swimming much, became better fitted for swimming. The soft elastic skin between the fingers or toes is just the sort of tissue which responds most readily to inward impulses, and we find that the very same change has come about in those birds and beasts which live much in water. I know that this is not the accepted theory of evolution, but I am waiting till it shall become so. We all develop in the direction of our tendencies, and shall, I doubt not, be wise enough some day to give animals leave to do the same.

When we pass from reptiles to birds, lo! an astounding thing has happened. That there were flying reptiles in the fossil ages we know, and there are flying beasts in our own. But the wings of these are simple mechanical alterations, which the imagination of a child, or a savage, could explain. The hands of a bat are hands still, and, though the fingers are hampered by their awkward gloves, the thumbs are free. The giant fruit bats of the tropics clamber about the trees quite acrobatically with their thumbs and feet. Here is a whole sub-kingdom, as they call it, of the animal world which has unreservedly and irrevocably bartered one pair of its limbs for a flying-machine. The apparatus is made of feathers--a new invention, unknown to amphibian or saurian, whence obtained nobody can say—and these are grafted into the transformed frame of the old limbs. The bargain was worth making, for the winged bird at once soared away in all senses from the creeping things of earth, and became a more ethereal being. But the price was heavy. The bird must get through life with one pair of feet and its mouth.

And let us note that the art of standing began with birds. Frogs sit, and, as far as I know, every reptile, be it lizard, crocodile, alligator, or tortoise, lays its body on the ground when not actually carrying it. And these have each four fat legs. Contrast the flamingo, which, having only two, and those like willow wands, tucks up one of them and sleeps poised high on the other, like a tulip on its stem. Note also that one toe has been altogether discarded by birds as superfluous. The germ, or bud, must be there, for the Dorking fowl has produced a fifth toe under some influence of the poultry-yard, but no natural bird has more than four. Except in swifts, which never perch, but cling to rocks and walls, one is turned backwards, and, by a cunning contrivance, the act of bending the leg draws them all automatically together. So a hen closes its toes at every step it takes, as if it grasped something, and, of course, when it settles down on its roost, they grasp that tight and hold it fast till morning. But to birds that do not perch this mechanism is only an encumbrance, so many of them, like the plovers, abolish the hind toe entirely, and the prince of all two-legged runners, the ostrich, has got rid of one of the front toes also, retaining only two.

Which of the following would be unjustified in the context of the above passage?

PASSAGE – III

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Why do we divide a minute into 60 seconds, an hour into 60 minutes, while there are only 24 hours in a day? Currently, the most prevalent numeral system is decimal (base 10), which possibly originated as it enabled easier counting with fingers. The civilizations that first split the day into smaller parts, nevertheless, used different numeral systems, notably duodecimal (base 12) and sexagesimal (base 60).

Most historians opine that the Egyptians were the first to divide the day into smaller parts. The first of the sundials they created were just stakes placed on the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. By 15th century B.C., they had developed a more advanced sundial. Without artificial light, humans at that time considered sunlit and dark periods to be two opposing realms. When sundials were used first, however, the Egyptians also first observed a group of 36 stars which divided the circle of the heavens. The clepsydra i.e. water clock, was also used to record time at night, and was perhaps the most accurate timekeeping device of its times.
Later the concept of a 24-hour day arose. The concept of fixed-length hours, however, originated in the Hellenistic period. Hipparchus proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. Despite this suggestion, laypeople continued to use seasonally varying hours.

Hipparchus and other Greek scientists used astronomical techniques developed by the Babylonians. They made calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system. Although we do not know why 60 was chosen, it is convenient for expressing fractions, since it is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers and also by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes used a sexagesimal system to divide a circle into 60 parts. Abou 100 years later, Hipparchus normalized the lines of latitude and also invented a system of longitude lines that encompassed 360 degrees. In his treatise Almagest, Ptolemy expanded Hipparchus' work by subdividing each of the 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. Each degree was divided into 60 parts, each subdivided into 60 parts. The first division, partes minutae primae, or first minute, became known as the "minute." The second segmentation, partes minutae secundae, or "second minute," became known as the second.

Which of the following inferences cannot be drawn from the above selection?

1.     The author's idea about the development of soft tissue on the feet of birds is open to question.
   

2.     The toad is rarely eaten, if at all, by predators.
   

3.     The frog's original home, at the time of birth, was the water bodies.
   

PASSAGE – IV

The passage is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage

It is evident that, in what is called the evolution of animal forms, the foot came in suddenly when the backboned creatures began to live on the dry land--that is, with the frogs. How it came in is a question which still puzzles the phylogenists, who cannot find a sure pedigree for the frog. There it is, anyhow, and the remarkable point about it is that the foot of a frog is not a rudimentary thing, but an authentic standard foot, like the yard measure kept in the Tower of London, of which all other feet are copies or adaptations. This instrument, as part of the original outfit given to the pioneers of the brainy, backboned, and four-limbed races, when they were sent out to multiply and replenish the earth, is surely worth considering well. It consists essentially of a sole, or palm, made up of small bones and of five separate digits, each with several joints.

In the hind foot of a frog the toes are very long and webbed from point to point. In this it differs a good deal from the toad, and there is significance in the difference. The "heavy-gaited toad," satisfied with sour ants, hard beetles, and such other fare as it can easily pick up, and grown nasty in consequence, so that nothing seeks to eat it, has hobbled through life, like a plethoric old gentleman, until the present day, on its original feet. The more versatile and nimble-witted frog, seeking better diet and greater security of life, went back to the element in which it was bred, and, swimming much, became better fitted for swimming. The soft elastic skin between the fingers or toes is just the sort of tissue which responds most readily to inward impulses, and we find that the very same change has come about in those birds and beasts which live much in water. I know that this is not the accepted theory of evolution, but I am waiting till it shall become so. We all develop in the direction of our tendencies, and shall, I doubt not, be wise enough some day to give animals leave to do the same.

When we pass from reptiles to birds, lo! an astounding thing has happened. That there were flying reptiles in the fossil ages we know, and there are flying beasts in our own. But the wings of these are simple mechanical alterations, which the imagination of a child, or a savage, could explain. The hands of a bat are hands still, and, though the fingers are hampered by their awkward gloves, the thumbs are free. The giant fruit bats of the tropics clamber about the trees quite acrobatically with their thumbs and feet. Here is a whole sub-kingdom, as they call it, of the animal world which has unreservedly and irrevocably bartered one pair of its limbs for a flying-machine. The apparatus is made of feathers--a new invention, unknown to amphibian or saurian, whence obtained nobody can say—and these are grafted into the transformed frame of the old limbs. The bargain was worth making, for the winged bird at once soared away in all senses from the creeping things of earth, and became a more ethereal being. But the price was heavy. The bird must get through life with one pair of feet and its mouth.

And let us note that the art of standing began with birds. Frogs sit, and, as far as I know, every reptile, be it lizard, crocodile, alligator, or tortoise, lays its body on the ground when not actually carrying it. And these have each four fat legs. Contrast the flamingo, which, having only two, and those like willow wands, tucks up one of them and sleeps poised high on the other, like a tulip on its stem. Note also that one toe has been altogether discarded by birds as superfluous. The germ, or bud, must be there, for the Dorking fowl has produced a fifth toe under some influence of the poultry-yard, but no natural bird has more than four. Except in swifts, which never perch, but cling to rocks and walls, one is turned backwards, and, by a cunning contrivance, the act of bending the leg draws them all automatically together. So a hen closes its toes at every step it takes, as if it grasped something, and, of course, when it settles down on its roost, they grasp that tight and hold it fast till morning. But to birds that do not perch this mechanism is only an encumbrance, so many of them, like the plovers, abolish the hind toe entirely, and the prince of all two-legged runners, the ostrich, has got rid of one of the front toes also, retaining only two.