Directions: Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.
An artist must suffer for his art say these successful entrepreneurs who attempt to pass themselves off as artists. They auction off to the highest bidder, usually a foot in his own right, the most mediocre of drawings; and then, from their well-laid tables, they have the unmitigated gall to imply that they themselves ____

Directions: Choose the option that best completes the paragraph.
Most radicals who argue for violent revolution and complete overthrow of our existing society have no clear idea of what will emerge form the destruction. They just assert that things are so bad now that any change would have to be a change for the better. But surely this is mistaken, ______________

Directions: Choose the sentence(s) that make(s) coherent sense grammatically.
A The nurse told me that the doctor's office closes at 5.00 p.m.
B The winding roads of Shimla are less in number than those of Ludhiana.
C The numbers of adults who are literate are rising.
D Female students are probably more discerning about their career choice than are male students.

Directions: A brief passage or a statement is given and a question is asked, based on the information provided in the passage/statement. Critically examine the five alternative answer options marked (1) to (5) and choose the best answer.
There are fundamentally two possible changes in an economy that will each cause inflation unless other compensating changes also occur. These changes are either reductions in the supply of goods and services or increases in demand. In a pre banking economy the quantity of money available, and hence the level of demand, is equivalent to the quantity of gold available.
If the statements above are true, then it is also true that in a pre banking economy

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the questions following it.
A. Recent studies suggest that subjective perception of the adequacy of social support is more strongly related to well being than are most objective measures.
B. The more secure the attachment, the greater our sense of social support is likely to be.
C. Social support can be defined as the receipt of affirmation and aid from others.
D. The tendency to perceive support as being “out there” is related to the security of our attachment to another.
E. In many early studies, it was measured only by such objective criteria as marital status and frequency of reported contact with friends and relatives.
F. It is not the objective amount of contact with others that is important, but how that contact is interpreted.

Which of these sentences is number 4?

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the questions following it.
A. Recent studies suggest that subjective perception of the adequacy of social support is more strongly related to well being than are most objective measures.
B. The more secure the attachment, the greater our sense of social support is likely to be.
C. Social support can be defined as the receipt of affirmation and aid from others.
D. The tendency to perceive support as being “out there” is related to the security of our attachment to another.
E. In many early studies, it was measured only by such objective criteria as marital status and frequency of reported contact with friends and relatives.
F. It is not the objective amount of contact with others that is important, but how that contact is interpreted.

Which of these sentences is number 3?

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the questions following it.
A. Recent studies suggest that subjective perception of the adequacy of social support is more strongly related to well being than are most objective measures.
B. The more secure the attachment, the greater our sense of social support is likely to be.
C. Social support can be defined as the receipt of affirmation and aid from others.
D. The tendency to perceive support as being “out there” is related to the security of our attachment to another.
E. In many early studies, it was measured only by such objective criteria as marital status and frequency of reported contact with friends and relatives.
F. It is not the objective amount of contact with others that is important, but how that contact is interpreted.

Which of these sentences is number 1?

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the question following it.
A. The pill-popping world of today has so many problems that if Moses were to come down from Mount Sinai, the two tablets he carried would be aspirin.
B. But it is an ill wind that blows nobody good, and we have it from the people manufacturing and marketing pain balms that they never had it so good in India's huge, Rs. 300 crore market.
C. The stresses and strains come not only from the sharp rise in the cost of living but also from the free fall of the shares in the market, sheer fall in political values, and sharp fall in the rupee value.
D. As the wag said, the Ten Commandments were given to us in the tablet form, and by following their directions we could save a lot of other tablets from being used.
E. To cope with multi-faceted stress, we have a rash of cold rubs, cough drops, health boosters, liquid balms, nasal inhalers, pep pills, revitalisers, sprays and spray plasters, to say nothing of home remedies.
F. Even considering that balm makers would find ingenious ways to rub it in, the headache sufferer has to choose among the rich variety of pain killers on offer.

Which of these sentences is number 2?

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the questions following it.
A. Recent studies suggest that subjective perception of the adequacy of social support is more strongly related to well being than are most objective measures.
B. The more secure the attachment, the greater our sense of social support is likely to be.
C. Social support can be defined as the receipt of affirmation and aid from others.
D. The tendency to perceive support as being “out there” is related to the security of our attachment to another.
E. In many early studies, it was measured only by such objective criteria as marital status and frequency of reported contact with friends and relatives.
F. It is not the objective amount of contact with others that is important, but how that contact is interpreted.

Which of these sentences is number 6?

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the question following it.
A. The pill-popping world of today has so many problems that if Moses were to come down from Mount Sinai, the two tablets he carried would be aspirin.
B. But it is an ill wind that blows nobody good, and we have it from the people manufacturing and marketing pain balms that they never had it so good in India's huge, Rs. 300 crore market.
C. The stresses and strains come not only from the sharp rise in the cost of living but also from the free fall of the shares in the market, sheer fall in political values, and sharp fall in the rupee value.
D. As the wag said, the Ten Commandments were given to us in the tablet form, and by following their directions we could save a lot of other tablets from being used.
E. To cope with multi-faceted stress, we have a rash of cold rubs, cough drops, health boosters, liquid balms, nasal inhalers, pep pills, revitalisers, sprays and spray plasters, to say nothing of home remedies.
F. Even considering that balm makers would find ingenious ways to rub it in, the headache sufferer has to choose among the rich variety of pain killers on offer.

Which of these sentences is number 3?

Directions: Form a logical paragraph and answer the question following it.
A. The pill-popping world of today has so many problems that if Moses were to come down from Mount Sinai, the two tablets he carried would be aspirin.
B. But it is an ill wind that blows nobody good, and we have it from the people manufacturing and marketing pain balms that they never had it so good in India's huge, Rs. 300 crore market.
C. The stresses and strains come not only from the sharp rise in the cost of living but also from the free fall of the shares in the market, sheer fall in political values, and sharp fall in the rupee value.
D. As the wag said, the Ten Commandments were given to us in the tablet form, and by following their directions we could save a lot of other tablets from being used.
E. To cope with multi-faceted stress, we have a rash of cold rubs, cough drops, health boosters, liquid balms, nasal inhalers, pep pills, revitalisers, sprays and spray plasters, to say nothing of home remedies.
F. Even considering that balm makers would find ingenious ways to rub it in, the headache sufferer has to choose among the rich variety of pain killers on offer.

Which of these sentences is number 4?

Directions: A brief passage or a statement is given and a question is asked, based on the information provided in the passage/statement. Critically examine the five alternative answer options marked (1) to (5) and choose the best answer.
So as to calculate the GDP growth across the globe, individual countries' growth rates are weighted in terms of their share of global output. Using Purchasing Power Parity, as the IMF does, the global economy has grown by an average of 5% over the past five years, its strongest pace since the early 1970s. This is primarily due to the emerging economies growing by 7.5% a year (vis a vis only 2.3% in the developed economies), and they account for around 45% of global GDP.
Given the above information, which of the following would be definitely FALSE?

Directions: Choose the sentence(s) that make(s) coherent sense grammatically.

A. Some of the symptoms of dengue fever are similar to malaria.
B. The closing of small, inexpensive hospitals while large expensive hospitals remain open seems a luxury we can ill afford.
C. In comparison with the literature created by the ancient Greeks, today’s Greeks have written nothing worth describing.
D. The recent finding that emotions affect blood pressure is different from what was earlier believed.

Directions: Choose the sentence(s) that make(s) coherent sense grammatically.
A. Most of the members of the trade union rejected the chairman’s demand that they return to work.
B. The fruits of hard work are satisfaction and a good night’s sleep.
C. If I was the Secretary General of U.N.O., I would call an immediate halt to the development of all nuclear weapons.
D. With just several quick strokes of the pen, the artist sketched the monkeys, capturing their antics.

Directions: Choose the sentence(s) that make(s) coherent sense grammatically.
A. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.
B. Of all the possible disasters that threaten agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in climate is, may be, the most difficult for analysis.
C. Quasars, at billions of light years from earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, believed to be the cores of galaxies since collapsed.
D. The selection was based less on the player's capability; more on his willingness to sign the contract.

The paragraph following the last one given here, if it were there, would LEAST likely discuss which of the following?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

What is the function of the fourth paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

Which of the following is/are NOT correct in the context of this passage?

(1) Fundamentally speaking, there appears to be great similarity at the functional level between the observations made in both the Bell and the Idoya cases.
(2) The Aurora experiment proves that thoughts can, on their own, enable robotic movement if the relevant signals duly reach the recipient part even in the absence of actual physical contact.
(3) It is only the signals that enable particular movements and it is the neurons that generate these signals.
(4) Scientists have made sufficient headway in sending tactile feedback back to the user's brain.

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

The experiment described above is ultimately an attempt to

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

The author’s use of the phrase 'indicating something else also' in the 2^nd paragraph implies most likely which of the following?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

The author ends the passage on a note of

PASSAGE – I
The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Migratory birds often move in linear flight formations called echelons. Typically, we find V and J-type structures, which are the most readily recognized flock echelons, nevertheless other variations to these major patterns can also be found. A true V-shaped echelon is, in reality, less common than a J formation, studies conducted on several species reveal.
Why do the birds fly in formations? Two well-corroborated and complementary explanations are available right now. A major idea is to save energy by capitalizing on the upwash vortex fields generated by the bird wings in the front. The second - to facilitate the job of orientation and communication among the flying birds. These two explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and in fact, both are supported by many studies. The relative importance of each of them, no doubt, changes as various factors, like the season of the year or the reason behind  individual flights, change. During local feeding flights meant to locate food, for instance, careful orientation and collision avoidance are probably much more important than the conservation of energy. However, during long-distance migration, though orientation and communication remain important, but the case for conservation of energy by optimization of its position holds greater importance for each bird in the flock.

Where should the birds position themselves in relation to others to conserve the most energy as they fly in the air? Fluid dynamics and energy wave configuration calculations supply the answer. Analysts, using photography, have determined bird positions and found them to almost always be located to enable the bird to earn some energetic advantage. However, the birds are not always at the expected optimal location, indicating that other factors also come into play.

Researchers have used the knowledge of birds, visual axes, "blind spots" and visual fields to pinpoint the best locations for a bird in a flock to maintain optimal visual positioning. The actual positions are usually having a positive correlation with these predictions but are, again, not always perfect. The positions of birds have been classified and it has been found that some individuals occupy positions to satisfy the energy conservation principle; others enjoy better visual contact placement, while the rest do not apparently respond to either benefit or are in a position so as to gain some advantage from both the benefits available.

The passage could have been most appropriately titled in which of the following ways?

PASSAGE – I
The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Migratory birds often move in linear flight formations called echelons. Typically, we find V and J-type structures, which are the most readily recognized flock echelons, nevertheless other variations to these major patterns can also be found. A true V-shaped echelon is, in reality, less common than a J formation, studies conducted on several species reveal.
Why do the birds fly in formations? Two well-corroborated and complementary explanations are available right now. A major idea is to save energy by capitalizing on the upwash vortex fields generated by the bird wings in the front. The second - to facilitate the job of orientation and communication among the flying birds. These two explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and in fact, both are supported by many studies. The relative importance of each of them, no doubt, changes as various factors, like the season of the year or the reason behind  individual flights, change. During local feeding flights meant to locate food, for instance, careful orientation and collision avoidance are probably much more important than the conservation of energy. However, during long-distance migration, though orientation and communication remain important, but the case for conservation of energy by optimization of its position holds greater importance for each bird in the flock.

Where should the birds position themselves in relation to others to conserve the most energy as they fly in the air? Fluid dynamics and energy wave configuration calculations supply the answer. Analysts, using photography, have determined bird positions and found them to almost always be located to enable the bird to earn some energetic advantage. However, the birds are not always at the expected optimal location, indicating that other factors also come into play.

Researchers have used the knowledge of birds, visual axes, "blind spots" and visual fields to pinpoint the best locations for a bird in a flock to maintain optimal visual positioning. The actual positions are usually having a positive correlation with these predictions but are, again, not always perfect. The positions of birds have been classified and it has been found that some individuals occupy positions to satisfy the energy conservation principle; others enjoy better visual contact placement, while the rest do not apparently respond to either benefit or are in a position so as to gain some advantage from both the benefits available.

Which of the following questions is / are not answered by the above passage?

1.     Does energy conservation have the same importance during short and long flights respectively?
   

2.     Do the bird formations always have a leader having higher social status?
   

3.     Does the season of the year play a role in determining whether a particular theory will be able to account for bird behaviour in an echelon or not?
   

PASSAGE – I
The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Migratory birds often move in linear flight formations called echelons. Typically, we find V and J-type structures, which are the most readily recognized flock echelons, nevertheless other variations to these major patterns can also be found. A true V-shaped echelon is, in reality, less common than a J formation, studies conducted on several species reveal.
Why do the birds fly in formations? Two well-corroborated and complementary explanations are available right now. A major idea is to save energy by capitalizing on the upwash vortex fields generated by the bird wings in the front. The second - to facilitate the job of orientation and communication among the flying birds. These two explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and in fact, both are supported by many studies. The relative importance of each of them, no doubt, changes as various factors, like the season of the year or the reason behind  individual flights, change. During local feeding flights meant to locate food, for instance, careful orientation and collision avoidance are probably much more important than the conservation of energy. However, during long-distance migration, though orientation and communication remain important, but the case for conservation of energy by optimization of its position holds greater importance for each bird in the flock.

Where should the birds position themselves in relation to others to conserve the most energy as they fly in the air? Fluid dynamics and energy wave configuration calculations supply the answer. Analysts, using photography, have determined bird positions and found them to almost always be located to enable the bird to earn some energetic advantage. However, the birds are not always at the expected optimal location, indicating that other factors also come into play.

Researchers have used the knowledge of birds, visual axes, "blind spots" and visual fields to pinpoint the best locations for a bird in a flock to maintain optimal visual positioning. The actual positions are usually having a positive correlation with these predictions but are, again, not always perfect. The positions of birds have been classified and it has been found that some individuals occupy positions to satisfy the energy conservation principle; others enjoy better visual contact placement, while the rest do not apparently respond to either benefit or are in a position so as to gain some advantage from both the benefits available.

Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with?

1.     Bird formations vary in accordance with the bird species.
   

2.     There is positive proof for the theories of bird formation and the position of bird within it
   

3.     Energy conservation seems to be the overarching single factor behind bird formations during all flights.
   

PASSAGE – I
The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Migratory birds often move in linear flight formations called echelons. Typically, we find V and J-type structures, which are the most readily recognized flock echelons, nevertheless other variations to these major patterns can also be found. A true V-shaped echelon is, in reality, less common than a J formation, studies conducted on several species reveal.
Why do the birds fly in formations? Two well-corroborated and complementary explanations are available right now. A major idea is to save energy by capitalizing on the upwash vortex fields generated by the bird wings in the front. The second - to facilitate the job of orientation and communication among the flying birds. These two explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and in fact, both are supported by many studies. The relative importance of each of them, no doubt, changes as various factors, like the season of the year or the reason behind  individual flights, change. During local feeding flights meant to locate food, for instance, careful orientation and collision avoidance are probably much more important than the conservation of energy. However, during long-distance migration, though orientation and communication remain important, but the case for conservation of energy by optimization of its position holds greater importance for each bird in the flock.

Where should the birds position themselves in relation to others to conserve the most energy as they fly in the air? Fluid dynamics and energy wave configuration calculations supply the answer. Analysts, using photography, have determined bird positions and found them to almost always be located to enable the bird to earn some energetic advantage. However, the birds are not always at the expected optimal location, indicating that other factors also come into play.

Researchers have used the knowledge of birds, visual axes, "blind spots" and visual fields to pinpoint the best locations for a bird in a flock to maintain optimal visual positioning. The actual positions are usually having a positive correlation with these predictions but are, again, not always perfect. The positions of birds have been classified and it has been found that some individuals occupy positions to satisfy the energy conservation principle; others enjoy better visual contact placement, while the rest do not apparently respond to either benefit or are in a position so as to gain some advantage from both the benefits available.

The passage is structured like which of the following?

PASSAGE – I
The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Migratory birds often move in linear flight formations called echelons. Typically, we find V and J-type structures, which are the most readily recognized flock echelons, nevertheless other variations to these major patterns can also be found. A true V-shaped echelon is, in reality, less common than a J formation, studies conducted on several species reveal.
Why do the birds fly in formations? Two well-corroborated and complementary explanations are available right now. A major idea is to save energy by capitalizing on the upwash vortex fields generated by the bird wings in the front. The second - to facilitate the job of orientation and communication among the flying birds. These two explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and in fact, both are supported by many studies. The relative importance of each of them, no doubt, changes as various factors, like the season of the year or the reason behind  individual flights, change. During local feeding flights meant to locate food, for instance, careful orientation and collision avoidance are probably much more important than the conservation of energy. However, during long-distance migration, though orientation and communication remain important, but the case for conservation of energy by optimization of its position holds greater importance for each bird in the flock.

Where should the birds position themselves in relation to others to conserve the most energy as they fly in the air? Fluid dynamics and energy wave configuration calculations supply the answer. Analysts, using photography, have determined bird positions and found them to almost always be located to enable the bird to earn some energetic advantage. However, the birds are not always at the expected optimal location, indicating that other factors also come into play.

Researchers have used the knowledge of birds, visual axes, "blind spots" and visual fields to pinpoint the best locations for a bird in a flock to maintain optimal visual positioning. The actual positions are usually having a positive correlation with these predictions but are, again, not always perfect. The positions of birds have been classified and it has been found that some individuals occupy positions to satisfy the energy conservation principle; others enjoy better visual contact placement, while the rest do not apparently respond to either benefit or are in a position so as to gain some advantage from both the benefits available.

In terms of this reading selection, which of the following would not qualify to be called an example of wisdom?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

With a view to action experience seems in no respect inferior to art, and men of experience succeed even better than those who have theory without experience. (The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Socrates or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has the theory without the experience, and recognizes the universal but does not know the individual included in this, he will often fail to cure; for it is the individual that is to be cured.) But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience (which implies that Wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge); and this because the former know the cause, but the latter do not. For men of experience know that the thing is so, but do not know why, while the others know the 'why' and the cause. Hence we think also that the master workers in each craft are more honorable and know in a truer sense and are wiser than the manual workers, because they know the causes of the things that are done (we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things which act indeed, but act without knowing what they do, as fire burns, but while the lifeless things perform each of their functions by a natural tendency, the laborers perform them through habit); thus we view them as being wiser not in virtue of being able to act, but of having the theory for themselves and knowing the causes. And in general it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that the former can teach, and therefore we think of art as more truly knowledge than experience is; for artists can teach, and men of mere experience cannot.
   
Again, we do not regard any of the senses as Wisdom; yet surely these give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars. But they do not tell us the 'why' of anything - e.g. why fire is hot; they only say that it is hot.    

At first he who invented any art whatever that went beyond the common perceptions of man was naturally admired by men, not only because there was something useful in the inventions, but because he was thought wise and superior to the rest. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. Hence when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered, and first in the places where men first began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure.

 We have said in the Ethics what the difference is between art and science and the other kindred faculties; but the point of our present discussion is this, that all men suppose what is called Wisdom to deal with the first causes and the principles of things; so that, as has been said before, the man of experience is thought to be wiser than the possessors of any sense-perception whatever, the artist wiser than the men of experience, the master worker than the mechanic, and the theoretical kinds of knowledge to be more of the nature of Wisdom than the productive. Clearly then Wisdom is knowledge about certain principles and causes.

Which of the following can be legitimately inferred from the above passage?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

With a view to action experience seems in no respect inferior to art, and men of experience succeed even better than those who have theory without experience. (The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Socrates or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has the theory without the experience, and recognizes the universal but does not know the individual included in this, he will often fail to cure; for it is the individual that is to be cured.) But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience (which implies that Wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge); and this because the former know the cause, but the latter do not. For men of experience know that the thing is so, but do not know why, while the others know the 'why' and the cause. Hence we think also that the master workers in each craft are more honorable and know in a truer sense and are wiser than the manual workers, because they know the causes of the things that are done (we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things which act indeed, but act without knowing what they do, as fire burns, but while the lifeless things perform each of their functions by a natural tendency, the laborers perform them through habit); thus we view them as being wiser not in virtue of being able to act, but of having the theory for themselves and knowing the causes. And in general it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that the former can teach, and therefore we think of art as more truly knowledge than experience is; for artists can teach, and men of mere experience cannot.
   
Again, we do not regard any of the senses as Wisdom; yet surely these give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars. But they do not tell us the 'why' of anything - e.g. why fire is hot; they only say that it is hot.    

At first he who invented any art whatever that went beyond the common perceptions of man was naturally admired by men, not only because there was something useful in the inventions, but because he was thought wise and superior to the rest. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. Hence when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered, and first in the places where men first began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure.

 We have said in the Ethics what the difference is between art and science and the other kindred faculties; but the point of our present discussion is this, that all men suppose what is called Wisdom to deal with the first causes and the principles of things; so that, as has been said before, the man of experience is thought to be wiser than the possessors of any sense-perception whatever, the artist wiser than the men of experience, the master worker than the mechanic, and the theoretical kinds of knowledge to be more of the nature of Wisdom than the productive. Clearly then Wisdom is knowledge about certain principles and causes.

The passage above is basically an attempt to

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

With a view to action experience seems in no respect inferior to art, and men of experience succeed even better than those who have theory without experience. (The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Socrates or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has the theory without the experience, and recognizes the universal but does not know the individual included in this, he will often fail to cure; for it is the individual that is to be cured.) But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience (which implies that Wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge); and this because the former know the cause, but the latter do not. For men of experience know that the thing is so, but do not know why, while the others know the 'why' and the cause. Hence we think also that the master workers in each craft are more honorable and know in a truer sense and are wiser than the manual workers, because they know the causes of the things that are done (we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things which act indeed, but act without knowing what they do, as fire burns, but while the lifeless things perform each of their functions by a natural tendency, the laborers perform them through habit); thus we view them as being wiser not in virtue of being able to act, but of having the theory for themselves and knowing the causes. And in general it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that the former can teach, and therefore we think of art as more truly knowledge than experience is; for artists can teach, and men of mere experience cannot.
   
Again, we do not regard any of the senses as Wisdom; yet surely these give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars. But they do not tell us the 'why' of anything - e.g. why fire is hot; they only say that it is hot.    

At first he who invented any art whatever that went beyond the common perceptions of man was naturally admired by men, not only because there was something useful in the inventions, but because he was thought wise and superior to the rest. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. Hence when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered, and first in the places where men first began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure.

 We have said in the Ethics what the difference is between art and science and the other kindred faculties; but the point of our present discussion is this, that all men suppose what is called Wisdom to deal with the first causes and the principles of things; so that, as has been said before, the man of experience is thought to be wiser than the possessors of any sense-perception whatever, the artist wiser than the men of experience, the master worker than the mechanic, and the theoretical kinds of knowledge to be more of the nature of Wisdom than the productive. Clearly then Wisdom is knowledge about certain principles and causes.

The style of writing of the author can be broadly characterised as which of the following?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

With a view to action experience seems in no respect inferior to art, and men of experience succeed even better than those who have theory without experience. (The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Socrates or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has the theory without the experience, and recognizes the universal but does not know the individual included in this, he will often fail to cure; for it is the individual that is to be cured.) But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience (which implies that Wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge); and this because the former know the cause, but the latter do not. For men of experience know that the thing is so, but do not know why, while the others know the 'why' and the cause. Hence we think also that the master workers in each craft are more honorable and know in a truer sense and are wiser than the manual workers, because they know the causes of the things that are done (we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things which act indeed, but act without knowing what they do, as fire burns, but while the lifeless things perform each of their functions by a natural tendency, the laborers perform them through habit); thus we view them as being wiser not in virtue of being able to act, but of having the theory for themselves and knowing the causes. And in general it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that the former can teach, and therefore we think of art as more truly knowledge than experience is; for artists can teach, and men of mere experience cannot.
   
Again, we do not regard any of the senses as Wisdom; yet surely these give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars. But they do not tell us the 'why' of anything - e.g. why fire is hot; they only say that it is hot.    

At first he who invented any art whatever that went beyond the common perceptions of man was naturally admired by men, not only because there was something useful in the inventions, but because he was thought wise and superior to the rest. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. Hence when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered, and first in the places where men first began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure.

 We have said in the Ethics what the difference is between art and science and the other kindred faculties; but the point of our present discussion is this, that all men suppose what is called Wisdom to deal with the first causes and the principles of things; so that, as has been said before, the man of experience is thought to be wiser than the possessors of any sense-perception whatever, the artist wiser than the men of experience, the master worker than the mechanic, and the theoretical kinds of knowledge to be more of the nature of Wisdom than the productive. Clearly then Wisdom is knowledge about certain principles and causes.

The last paragraph is designed to

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

With a view to action experience seems in no respect inferior to art, and men of experience succeed even better than those who have theory without experience. (The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Socrates or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has the theory without the experience, and recognizes the universal but does not know the individual included in this, he will often fail to cure; for it is the individual that is to be cured.) But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience (which implies that Wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge); and this because the former know the cause, but the latter do not. For men of experience know that the thing is so, but do not know why, while the others know the 'why' and the cause. Hence we think also that the master workers in each craft are more honorable and know in a truer sense and are wiser than the manual workers, because they know the causes of the things that are done (we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things which act indeed, but act without knowing what they do, as fire burns, but while the lifeless things perform each of their functions by a natural tendency, the laborers perform them through habit); thus we view them as being wiser not in virtue of being able to act, but of having the theory for themselves and knowing the causes. And in general it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that the former can teach, and therefore we think of art as more truly knowledge than experience is; for artists can teach, and men of mere experience cannot.
   
Again, we do not regard any of the senses as Wisdom; yet surely these give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars. But they do not tell us the 'why' of anything - e.g. why fire is hot; they only say that it is hot.    

At first he who invented any art whatever that went beyond the common perceptions of man was naturally admired by men, not only because there was something useful in the inventions, but because he was thought wise and superior to the rest. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. Hence when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered, and first in the places where men first began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure.

 We have said in the Ethics what the difference is between art and science and the other kindred faculties; but the point of our present discussion is this, that all men suppose what is called Wisdom to deal with the first causes and the principles of things; so that, as has been said before, the man of experience is thought to be wiser than the possessors of any sense-perception whatever, the artist wiser than the men of experience, the master worker than the mechanic, and the theoretical kinds of knowledge to be more of the nature of Wisdom than the productive. Clearly then Wisdom is knowledge about certain principles and causes.