Reading Comprehension

Why, according to the author, the idea of robbing the rich because he is rich did not occur to the Jew merchant?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Some centuries before the Christian era, a Jew merchant, largely engaged in business on the Gold Coast, and reported to have made one of the largest fortunes of his time (held also in repute for much practical sagacity), left among his ledgers some general maxims concerning wealth, which have been preserved, strangely enough, even to our own days. They were held in considerable respect by the most active traders of the middle ages, especially by the Venetians, who even went so far in their admiration as to place a statue of the old Jew on the angle of one of their principle public buildings.
Of late years these writings have fallen into disrepute, being opposed in every particular to the spirit of modern commerce. Nevertheless we can reproduce a passage or two from them here, partly because they may interest the reader by their novelty; and chiefly because they will show him that it is possible for a very practical and acquisitive tradesman to hold, through a not unsuccessful career, that principle of distinction between well-gotten and ill-gotten wealth, which we must examine more completely in this.
He says, for instance, in one place: “the getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death:” adding in another, with the same meaning (he has a curious way of doubling his sayings): “treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but justice delivers from death.” Both these passages are notable for their assertion of death as the only real issue and sum of attainment by any unjust scheme of wealth. If we read, instead of ‘lying tongue’, ‘lying label, title, pretence, or advertisement,’ we shall more clearly perceive the bearing of the words on modern business.
The seeking of death is a grand expression of the true course of men’s toil in such business. We usually speak as if death pursued us, and we fled from him; but that is only so in rare instances. Ordinarily, he makes himself—makes himself beautiful—all-glorious; not like the King’s daughter, all-glorious within, but outwardly: his clothing of wrought gold. We pursue him frantically all our days, he flying or hiding from us. Our crowning success at three-score and ten is utterly and perfectly to seize, and hold him in his eternal integrity—robes, ashes, and sting.
Again the merchant says, “He that oppresses the poor to increase his riches, shall surely come to want.” And again more strongly: “Rob not the poor because he is poor; neither oppress the afflicted in the place of business. For, god shall spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.”
This ‘robbing the poor because he is poor,’ is especially the mercantile form of theft, consisting in taking advantage of a man’s necessities in order to obtain his labour or property at a reduced price. The ordinary highwayman’s opposite form of robbery—of the rich, because he is rich—does not appear to occur so often to the old merchant’s mind; probably because, being less profitable and more dangerous than the robbery of the poor, it is rarely practised by persons of discretion. (from Unto This Last)

What is the central idea of the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Some centuries before the Christian era, a Jew merchant, largely engaged in business on the Gold Coast, and reported to have made one of the largest fortunes of his time (held also in repute for much practical sagacity), left among his ledgers some general maxims concerning wealth, which have been preserved, strangely enough, even to our own days. They were held in considerable respect by the most active traders of the middle ages, especially by the Venetians, who even went so far in their admiration as to place a statue of the old Jew on the angle of one of their principle public buildings.
Of late years these writings have fallen into disrepute, being opposed in every particular to the spirit of modern commerce. Nevertheless we can reproduce a passage or two from them here, partly because they may interest the reader by their novelty; and chiefly because they will show him that it is possible for a very practical and acquisitive tradesman to hold, through a not unsuccessful career, that principle of distinction between well-gotten and ill-gotten wealth, which we must examine more completely in this.
He says, for instance, in one place: “the getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death:” adding in another, with the same meaning (he has a curious way of doubling his sayings): “treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but justice delivers from death.” Both these passages are notable for their assertion of death as the only real issue and sum of attainment by any unjust scheme of wealth. If we read, instead of ‘lying tongue’, ‘lying label, title, pretence, or advertisement,’ we shall more clearly perceive the bearing of the words on modern business.
The seeking of death is a grand expression of the true course of men’s toil in such business. We usually speak as if death pursued us, and we fled from him; but that is only so in rare instances. Ordinarily, he makes himself—makes himself beautiful—all-glorious; not like the King’s daughter, all-glorious within, but outwardly: his clothing of wrought gold. We pursue him frantically all our days, he flying or hiding from us. Our crowning success at three-score and ten is utterly and perfectly to seize, and hold him in his eternal integrity—robes, ashes, and sting.
Again the merchant says, “He that oppresses the poor to increase his riches, shall surely come to want.” And again more strongly: “Rob not the poor because he is poor; neither oppress the afflicted in the place of business. For, god shall spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.”
This ‘robbing the poor because he is poor,’ is especially the mercantile form of theft, consisting in taking advantage of a man’s necessities in order to obtain his labour or property at a reduced price. The ordinary highwayman’s opposite form of robbery—of the rich, because he is rich—does not appear to occur so often to the old merchant’s mind; probably because, being less profitable and more dangerous than the robbery of the poor, it is rarely practised by persons of discretion. (from Unto This Last)

The writer seems to suggest that what the Jew said ages ago is still relevant in as much as

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Some centuries before the Christian era, a Jew merchant, largely engaged in business on the Gold Coast, and reported to have made one of the largest fortunes of his time (held also in repute for much practical sagacity), left among his ledgers some general maxims concerning wealth, which have been preserved, strangely enough, even to our own days. They were held in considerable respect by the most active traders of the middle ages, especially by the Venetians, who even went so far in their admiration as to place a statue of the old Jew on the angle of one of their principle public buildings.
Of late years these writings have fallen into disrepute, being opposed in every particular to the spirit of modern commerce. Nevertheless we can reproduce a passage or two from them here, partly because they may interest the reader by their novelty; and chiefly because they will show him that it is possible for a very practical and acquisitive tradesman to hold, through a not unsuccessful career, that principle of distinction between well-gotten and ill-gotten wealth, which we must examine more completely in this.
He says, for instance, in one place: “the getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death:” adding in another, with the same meaning (he has a curious way of doubling his sayings): “treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but justice delivers from death.” Both these passages are notable for their assertion of death as the only real issue and sum of attainment by any unjust scheme of wealth. If we read, instead of ‘lying tongue’, ‘lying label, title, pretence, or advertisement,’ we shall more clearly perceive the bearing of the words on modern business.
The seeking of death is a grand expression of the true course of men’s toil in such business. We usually speak as if death pursued us, and we fled from him; but that is only so in rare instances. Ordinarily, he makes himself—makes himself beautiful—all-glorious; not like the King’s daughter, all-glorious within, but outwardly: his clothing of wrought gold. We pursue him frantically all our days, he flying or hiding from us. Our crowning success at three-score and ten is utterly and perfectly to seize, and hold him in his eternal integrity—robes, ashes, and sting.
Again the merchant says, “He that oppresses the poor to increase his riches, shall surely come to want.” And again more strongly: “Rob not the poor because he is poor; neither oppress the afflicted in the place of business. For, god shall spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.”
This ‘robbing the poor because he is poor,’ is especially the mercantile form of theft, consisting in taking advantage of a man’s necessities in order to obtain his labour or property at a reduced price. The ordinary highwayman’s opposite form of robbery—of the rich, because he is rich—does not appear to occur so often to the old merchant’s mind; probably because, being less profitable and more dangerous than the robbery of the poor, it is rarely practised by persons of discretion. (from Unto This Last)

Which of the following can definitely not be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Some centuries before the Christian era, a Jew merchant, largely engaged in business on the Gold Coast, and reported to have made one of the largest fortunes of his time (held also in repute for much practical sagacity), left among his ledgers some general maxims concerning wealth, which have been preserved, strangely enough, even to our own days. They were held in considerable respect by the most active traders of the middle ages, especially by the Venetians, who even went so far in their admiration as to place a statue of the old Jew on the angle of one of their principle public buildings.
Of late years these writings have fallen into disrepute, being opposed in every particular to the spirit of modern commerce. Nevertheless we can reproduce a passage or two from them here, partly because they may interest the reader by their novelty; and chiefly because they will show him that it is possible for a very practical and acquisitive tradesman to hold, through a not unsuccessful career, that principle of distinction between well-gotten and ill-gotten wealth, which we must examine more completely in this.
He says, for instance, in one place: “the getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death:” adding in another, with the same meaning (he has a curious way of doubling his sayings): “treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but justice delivers from death.” Both these passages are notable for their assertion of death as the only real issue and sum of attainment by any unjust scheme of wealth. If we read, instead of ‘lying tongue’, ‘lying label, title, pretence, or advertisement,’ we shall more clearly perceive the bearing of the words on modern business.
The seeking of death is a grand expression of the true course of men’s toil in such business. We usually speak as if death pursued us, and we fled from him; but that is only so in rare instances. Ordinarily, he makes himself—makes himself beautiful—all-glorious; not like the King’s daughter, all-glorious within, but outwardly: his clothing of wrought gold. We pursue him frantically all our days, he flying or hiding from us. Our crowning success at three-score and ten is utterly and perfectly to seize, and hold him in his eternal integrity—robes, ashes, and sting.
Again the merchant says, “He that oppresses the poor to increase his riches, shall surely come to want.” And again more strongly: “Rob not the poor because he is poor; neither oppress the afflicted in the place of business. For, god shall spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.”
This ‘robbing the poor because he is poor,’ is especially the mercantile form of theft, consisting in taking advantage of a man’s necessities in order to obtain his labour or property at a reduced price. The ordinary highwayman’s opposite form of robbery—of the rich, because he is rich—does not appear to occur so often to the old merchant’s mind; probably because, being less profitable and more dangerous than the robbery of the poor, it is rarely practised by persons of discretion. (from Unto This Last)

Why does the author call 'robbing the poor because he is poor' the mercantile form of theft?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Some centuries before the Christian era, a Jew merchant, largely engaged in business on the Gold Coast, and reported to have made one of the largest fortunes of his time (held also in repute for much practical sagacity), left among his ledgers some general maxims concerning wealth, which have been preserved, strangely enough, even to our own days. They were held in considerable respect by the most active traders of the middle ages, especially by the Venetians, who even went so far in their admiration as to place a statue of the old Jew on the angle of one of their principle public buildings.
Of late years these writings have fallen into disrepute, being opposed in every particular to the spirit of modern commerce. Nevertheless we can reproduce a passage or two from them here, partly because they may interest the reader by their novelty; and chiefly because they will show him that it is possible for a very practical and acquisitive tradesman to hold, through a not unsuccessful career, that principle of distinction between well-gotten and ill-gotten wealth, which we must examine more completely in this.
He says, for instance, in one place: “the getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death:” adding in another, with the same meaning (he has a curious way of doubling his sayings): “treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but justice delivers from death.” Both these passages are notable for their assertion of death as the only real issue and sum of attainment by any unjust scheme of wealth. If we read, instead of ‘lying tongue’, ‘lying label, title, pretence, or advertisement,’ we shall more clearly perceive the bearing of the words on modern business.
The seeking of death is a grand expression of the true course of men’s toil in such business. We usually speak as if death pursued us, and we fled from him; but that is only so in rare instances. Ordinarily, he makes himself—makes himself beautiful—all-glorious; not like the King’s daughter, all-glorious within, but outwardly: his clothing of wrought gold. We pursue him frantically all our days, he flying or hiding from us. Our crowning success at three-score and ten is utterly and perfectly to seize, and hold him in his eternal integrity—robes, ashes, and sting.
Again the merchant says, “He that oppresses the poor to increase his riches, shall surely come to want.” And again more strongly: “Rob not the poor because he is poor; neither oppress the afflicted in the place of business. For, god shall spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.”
This ‘robbing the poor because he is poor,’ is especially the mercantile form of theft, consisting in taking advantage of a man’s necessities in order to obtain his labour or property at a reduced price. The ordinary highwayman’s opposite form of robbery—of the rich, because he is rich—does not appear to occur so often to the old merchant’s mind; probably because, being less profitable and more dangerous than the robbery of the poor, it is rarely practised by persons of discretion. (from Unto This Last)

What, according to the passage, could lead to the destruction of what the Romantics thought was vital for their whole being?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

For the Romantics imagination is fundamental, because they think that without it poetry is impossible. This belief in the imagination was part of the contemporary belief in the individual self. The poets were conscious of a wonderful capacity to create imaginary world, and they could not believe that this was idle or false. On the contrary, they thought that to curb it was to destroy something vitally necessary to their whole being. They thought that it was just this which made them poets; and that in their exercise of it they could do far better than other poets who sacrificed it to caution and common sense. They saw that the power of poetry is strongest when the creative impulse works untrammelled, and they knew that in their own case this happened when they shaped fleeting visions into concrete forms and pursued wild thoughts until they captured and mastered them. Just as in politics men turned their minds from the existing order to vast prospects of a reformed humanity, so in the arts they abandoned the conventional plan of existence for private adventures which had an inspiring glory. As in the Renaissance poets suddenly found the huge possibilities of the human self and expressed them in a bold and far-flung art, which is certainly much more than an imitation of life, so the Romantics, brought to a fuller consciousness of their own powers, felt a similar need to exert these powers in fashioning new worlds of the mind.
The Romantic emphasis on the imagination was strengthened by considerations which are both religious and metaphysical. For a century English philosophy had been dominated by the theories of Locke. He assumed that in perception the mind is wholly passive, a mere recorder of impressions from without, “a lazy looker on on an external world.” His system was well suited to an age of scientific speculation which found its representative voice in Newton. The mechanistic explanation which both philosophers and scientists gave of the world meant that scanty respect was paid to the human self and especially to its more instinctive, though not less powerful convictions. Thus both Locke and Newton found a place for God in their universes, the former on the ground that “the works of nature in every part of them sufficiently evidence a deity,” and the latter on the principle that the great mechanic of the world implies a mechanic. But this was not at all what the Romantics demanded from religion. For them it was a question less of reason than of feeling, less of argument than of experience, and they complained that these mechanistic explanations were a denial of their innermost convictions. So too with poetry. Locke had views on poetry, as he had on most human activities, but no very high regard for it.  For him it is a matter of ‘wit’ and the task of wit is to combine ideas and ‘thereby to make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy.’ Wit, in his view, is quite irresponsible and not troubled with truth or reality. The Romantics rejected with contumely a theory which robbed their work of its essential connection with life. (CM Bowra in The Romantic Imagination)

What conclusion, if any, does the author draw?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

For the Romantics imagination is fundamental, because they think that without it poetry is impossible. This belief in the imagination was part of the contemporary belief in the individual self. The poets were conscious of a wonderful capacity to create imaginary world, and they could not believe that this was idle or false. On the contrary, they thought that to curb it was to destroy something vitally necessary to their whole being. They thought that it was just this which made them poets; and that in their exercise of it they could do far better than other poets who sacrificed it to caution and common sense. They saw that the power of poetry is strongest when the creative impulse works untrammelled, and they knew that in their own case this happened when they shaped fleeting visions into concrete forms and pursued wild thoughts until they captured and mastered them. Just as in politics men turned their minds from the existing order to vast prospects of a reformed humanity, so in the arts they abandoned the conventional plan of existence for private adventures which had an inspiring glory. As in the Renaissance poets suddenly found the huge possibilities of the human self and expressed them in a bold and far-flung art, which is certainly much more than an imitation of life, so the Romantics, brought to a fuller consciousness of their own powers, felt a similar need to exert these powers in fashioning new worlds of the mind.
The Romantic emphasis on the imagination was strengthened by considerations which are both religious and metaphysical. For a century English philosophy had been dominated by the theories of Locke. He assumed that in perception the mind is wholly passive, a mere recorder of impressions from without, “a lazy looker on on an external world.” His system was well suited to an age of scientific speculation which found its representative voice in Newton. The mechanistic explanation which both philosophers and scientists gave of the world meant that scanty respect was paid to the human self and especially to its more instinctive, though not less powerful convictions. Thus both Locke and Newton found a place for God in their universes, the former on the ground that “the works of nature in every part of them sufficiently evidence a deity,” and the latter on the principle that the great mechanic of the world implies a mechanic. But this was not at all what the Romantics demanded from religion. For them it was a question less of reason than of feeling, less of argument than of experience, and they complained that these mechanistic explanations were a denial of their innermost convictions. So too with poetry. Locke had views on poetry, as he had on most human activities, but no very high regard for it.  For him it is a matter of ‘wit’ and the task of wit is to combine ideas and ‘thereby to make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy.’ Wit, in his view, is quite irresponsible and not troubled with truth or reality. The Romantics rejected with contumely a theory which robbed their work of its essential connection with life. (CM Bowra in The Romantic Imagination)

Based on the passage, it can be said that sacrificing imagination to caution and common sense was

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

For the Romantics imagination is fundamental, because they think that without it poetry is impossible. This belief in the imagination was part of the contemporary belief in the individual self. The poets were conscious of a wonderful capacity to create imaginary world, and they could not believe that this was idle or false. On the contrary, they thought that to curb it was to destroy something vitally necessary to their whole being. They thought that it was just this which made them poets; and that in their exercise of it they could do far better than other poets who sacrificed it to caution and common sense. They saw that the power of poetry is strongest when the creative impulse works untrammelled, and they knew that in their own case this happened when they shaped fleeting visions into concrete forms and pursued wild thoughts until they captured and mastered them. Just as in politics men turned their minds from the existing order to vast prospects of a reformed humanity, so in the arts they abandoned the conventional plan of existence for private adventures which had an inspiring glory. As in the Renaissance poets suddenly found the huge possibilities of the human self and expressed them in a bold and far-flung art, which is certainly much more than an imitation of life, so the Romantics, brought to a fuller consciousness of their own powers, felt a similar need to exert these powers in fashioning new worlds of the mind.
The Romantic emphasis on the imagination was strengthened by considerations which are both religious and metaphysical. For a century English philosophy had been dominated by the theories of Locke. He assumed that in perception the mind is wholly passive, a mere recorder of impressions from without, “a lazy looker on on an external world.” His system was well suited to an age of scientific speculation which found its representative voice in Newton. The mechanistic explanation which both philosophers and scientists gave of the world meant that scanty respect was paid to the human self and especially to its more instinctive, though not less powerful convictions. Thus both Locke and Newton found a place for God in their universes, the former on the ground that “the works of nature in every part of them sufficiently evidence a deity,” and the latter on the principle that the great mechanic of the world implies a mechanic. But this was not at all what the Romantics demanded from religion. For them it was a question less of reason than of feeling, less of argument than of experience, and they complained that these mechanistic explanations were a denial of their innermost convictions. So too with poetry. Locke had views on poetry, as he had on most human activities, but no very high regard for it.  For him it is a matter of ‘wit’ and the task of wit is to combine ideas and ‘thereby to make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy.’ Wit, in his view, is quite irresponsible and not troubled with truth or reality. The Romantics rejected with contumely a theory which robbed their work of its essential connection with life. (CM Bowra in The Romantic Imagination)

Which of the following can definitely not be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Strictly speaking, it is a public notice or announcement for advertising goods or services in newspapers, billboards or through radio broadcasts. We advertise because we wish to draw attention of consumers or prospective clients to goods, services and vacant positions on offer, and this is done through public medium. This is one of the most effective ways to sell, promote or seek employees. We advertise because in this jungle of variegated products, we need to inform consumers about what is available in the market to meet their everyday changing demand. In this burgeoning market of consumerism, if we fail to communicate effectively with the prospective buyers of our goods, we shall be left behind and get finally kicked out of the market.  So, in order to sell products, in order to survive the cut-throat competition and to sustain a business/economic activity, advertisement is a must tool. It not only keeps one in the mainstream, but also afloat. While this is the underlying principle and philosophy, the basic idea of advertisement is to reach out to people and to build clientele base.
There was a time when this was achieved through newspapers and radio broadcasts. But today the scenario has altered radically. While newspapers and radio broadcasts continue to play an important role to boost advertisement campaigns, there are many inexpensive and more innovative means of reaching out and for building clientele base. Electronic medium has come to acquire a very important place in advertisement. And electronic medium is not restricted to television channels and visuals alone. It includes online internet facilities and all that goes with it including facebook, twitter and blog (web log). Net is the new radio. Web world has become an integral part of every individual who thinks global, not local, and has become integrated with every field of activities. Any activity, be it buying or selling something, can be done via a website. This shows that a website is like an online advertisement that helps in marketing a product or an idea to a number of people in just one go. So, an individual who is internet savvy and can think out of the box can become a web designer and an effective advertiser. A web designer is an artist who decides and sculpts the look and feel of a website by employing his aesthetic sense and by turning a website into a product that sells. If we have one such designer in our midst, we have a classic advertiser in this web designer.
But there is no substitute for words. Words speak far more effectively than anything else. Visuals too cannot overshadow words. The only exception to this rule would be when the target group is illiterate. When the target group is not literate, visuals play their part though it is important for the visuals to relate to the product so that those who see the visual understand the relationship. Failure to relate with the product may be counterproductive. (Fundamentals of English Grammar, Prabhat Publications, New Delhi)

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

For the Romantics imagination is fundamental, because they think that without it poetry is impossible. This belief in the imagination was part of the contemporary belief in the individual self. The poets were conscious of a wonderful capacity to create imaginary world, and they could not believe that this was idle or false. On the contrary, they thought that to curb it was to destroy something vitally necessary to their whole being. They thought that it was just this which made them poets; and that in their exercise of it they could do far better than other poets who sacrificed it to caution and common sense. They saw that the power of poetry is strongest when the creative impulse works untrammelled, and they knew that in their own case this happened when they shaped fleeting visions into concrete forms and pursued wild thoughts until they captured and mastered them. Just as in politics men turned their minds from the existing order to vast prospects of a reformed humanity, so in the arts they abandoned the conventional plan of existence for private adventures which had an inspiring glory. As in the Renaissance poets suddenly found the huge possibilities of the human self and expressed them in a bold and far-flung art, which is certainly much more than an imitation of life, so the Romantics, brought to a fuller consciousness of their own powers, felt a similar need to exert these powers in fashioning new worlds of the mind.
The Romantic emphasis on the imagination was strengthened by considerations which are both religious and metaphysical. For a century English philosophy had been dominated by the theories of Locke. He assumed that in perception the mind is wholly passive, a mere recorder of impressions from without, “a lazy looker on on an external world.” His system was well suited to an age of scientific speculation which found its representative voice in Newton. The mechanistic explanation which both philosophers and scientists gave of the world meant that scanty respect was paid to the human self and especially to its more instinctive, though not less powerful convictions. Thus both Locke and Newton found a place for God in their universes, the former on the ground that “the works of nature in every part of them sufficiently evidence a deity,” and the latter on the principle that the great mechanic of the world implies a mechanic. But this was not at all what the Romantics demanded from religion. For them it was a question less of reason than of feeling, less of argument than of experience, and they complained that these mechanistic explanations were a denial of their innermost convictions. So too with poetry. Locke had views on poetry, as he had on most human activities, but no very high regard for it.  For him it is a matter of ‘wit’ and the task of wit is to combine ideas and ‘thereby to make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy.’ Wit, in his view, is quite irresponsible and not troubled with truth or reality. The Romantics rejected with contumely a theory which robbed their work of its essential connection with life. (CM Bowra in The Romantic Imagination)

The reading of the passage leads to the conclusion that the author is

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

For the Romantics imagination is fundamental, because they think that without it poetry is impossible. This belief in the imagination was part of the contemporary belief in the individual self. The poets were conscious of a wonderful capacity to create imaginary world, and they could not believe that this was idle or false. On the contrary, they thought that to curb it was to destroy something vitally necessary to their whole being. They thought that it was just this which made them poets; and that in their exercise of it they could do far better than other poets who sacrificed it to caution and common sense. They saw that the power of poetry is strongest when the creative impulse works untrammelled, and they knew that in their own case this happened when they shaped fleeting visions into concrete forms and pursued wild thoughts until they captured and mastered them. Just as in politics men turned their minds from the existing order to vast prospects of a reformed humanity, so in the arts they abandoned the conventional plan of existence for private adventures which had an inspiring glory. As in the Renaissance poets suddenly found the huge possibilities of the human self and expressed them in a bold and far-flung art, which is certainly much more than an imitation of life, so the Romantics, brought to a fuller consciousness of their own powers, felt a similar need to exert these powers in fashioning new worlds of the mind.
The Romantic emphasis on the imagination was strengthened by considerations which are both religious and metaphysical. For a century English philosophy had been dominated by the theories of Locke. He assumed that in perception the mind is wholly passive, a mere recorder of impressions from without, “a lazy looker on on an external world.” His system was well suited to an age of scientific speculation which found its representative voice in Newton. The mechanistic explanation which both philosophers and scientists gave of the world meant that scanty respect was paid to the human self and especially to its more instinctive, though not less powerful convictions. Thus both Locke and Newton found a place for God in their universes, the former on the ground that “the works of nature in every part of them sufficiently evidence a deity,” and the latter on the principle that the great mechanic of the world implies a mechanic. But this was not at all what the Romantics demanded from religion. For them it was a question less of reason than of feeling, less of argument than of experience, and they complained that these mechanistic explanations were a denial of their innermost convictions. So too with poetry. Locke had views on poetry, as he had on most human activities, but no very high regard for it.  For him it is a matter of ‘wit’ and the task of wit is to combine ideas and ‘thereby to make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy.’ Wit, in his view, is quite irresponsible and not troubled with truth or reality. The Romantics rejected with contumely a theory which robbed their work of its essential connection with life. (CM Bowra in The Romantic Imagination)

The writer is seemingly exploring

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

In the countless ages of the world’s story which preceded the dawn of history, the evolution of life, both animal and vegetable, was profoundly affected by tremendous changes of temperature, whose full significance has only been realized within comparatively recent times.  There were cold periods, four in all, known as Ice Ages, which were fatal to many forms of life; these were always preceded or succeeded by Sun Ages, when living things evolved and developed, first great writhing monsters who lived on banks of slime and fought and devoured each other, and who appear to have been destroyed by the intense cold of the Second Ice Age; then mammals such as horses and bears, very small at first, but gradually increasing in size as they became accustomed to their surroundings. The Ice Ages, which were not universal, either killed warmth-loving animals or caused them to migrate to sunnier climes, and it was the last Ice Age which appears to have caused the disappearance from England of such creatures as the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. During this time the struggle for existence was hard and rigorous, and it gave man the opportunity of developing the brain which has enabled him to assert his mastery over all other created things.
How man originated is still very doubtful. Possibly he is descended from some man-like ape, or it may be that he and the great anthropoid apes such as the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orang-outang are all descended from a common ancestor. The earliest evidences of the existence of creatures which may have been human are flints and stones roughly chipped and shaped so that they could be held in the hand and used probably as axes. At Trinal in Java, at Heidelberg in Germany, and in Central Africa remains have been found, such as the top of a skull, teeth and a thigh bone, and a jaw bone, which may have belonged to ancestors of man. The Heidelberg remains probably belong to the warm period before the Fourth Ice Age; those found in Rhodesia and Tanganyika are thought to be much older. With the former were also found remains of rhinoceroses, elephants, lions, and other warmth-loving animals, evidently from a time of great forests and moist climates. Gradually, however, there was a cooling of the temperature and then some great disturbance in Southern Europe, resulting in the separation of Africa and Europe, and so it was no longer possible for animals to wander as they pleased from Europe to Africa or for the hunters to follow them; consequently the men and animals of the two continents would tend to become differentiated. In the gravel and sand-beds of rivers Marne and Somme in France many of the rough flint implements used by these early hunters have been discovered. At Chelles-sur-Marne so many tools have been found that any resembling them are called Chellean. Here there was probably a flint industry; there was another at St. Acheul on the Somme, near Amiens, where much better tools were made. The stone axes of the Acheulean workers (who have given their name to the cool period which followed the warm Chellean period) had more even edges, and flint knives and awls and a primitive hammer were also made. It is probable that they bartered their wares for the fruits of the chase, and so were spared the necessity of hunting for their food.

What is the central idea of the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Among the delusions which at different periods have possessed themselves of the minds of large masses of the human race, perhaps the most curious-certainly the least credible-is the modern science of political economy, based on the idea that an advantageous code of social action may be determined irrespectively of the influence of social affection.
Of course, as in the instances of alchemy, astrology, witchcraft, and other such popular creeds, political economy has a plausible idea at the root of it. “The social affections,” says the economist, “are accidental and disturbing elements in human nature; but avarice and the desire of progress are constant elements. Let us eliminate the inconstants, and, considering the human being merely as a covetous machine, examine by what laws of labour, purchase, and sale, the greatest accumulative result in wealth is obtainable. Those laws once determined, it will be for each individual afterwards to introduce as much of the disturbing affectionate element as he chooses, and to determine for himself the result on the new conditions supposed.” 
This would be a perfectly logical and successful method of analysis, if the accidentals afterwards to be introduced were of the same nature as the powers first examined. Supposing a body in motion to be influenced by constant and inconstant forces, it is usually the simplest way of examining its course to trace it first under the persistent conditions, and afterwards introduce the causes of variation.
But the disturbing elements in the social problem are not of the same nature as the constant ones; they alter the essence of the creature under examination the moment they are added; they operate, not mathematically, but chemically, introducing conditions which render all our previous knowledge unavailable. We made learned experiments upon pure nitrogen, and have convinced ourselves that it is a very manageable gas: but behold ! the thing which we have practically to deal with is its chloride; and this, the moment we touch it on our established principles, sends us and our apparatus through the ceiling.
It is not for us to impugn or doubt the conclusions of the science, if its terms are accepted. We should simply be uninterested in them, as we should be in those of a science of gymnastics which assumed that men had no skeletons. It might be shown, on that supposition, that it would be advantageous to roll the students up into pellets, flatten them into cakes, or stretch them into cables; and that when these results were effected, the re-insertion of the skeleton would be attended with various inconveniences to their constitution. The reasoning might be admirable, the conclusions true, and the science deficient only in applicability.
Modern political economy stands on a precisely similar basis. Assuming, not that the human has no skeleton, but that it is all skeleton, it founds an ossifiant theory of progress on this negation of a soul; and having shown the utmost that may be made of bones, and constructed a number of interesting geometrical figures with death’s-heads and humeri, successfully proves the inconvenience of the reappearance of a soul among these corpuscular structures. We would not deny the truth of this theory: we may simply deny its applicability to the present phase of the world. (Excerpted from John Ruskin’s Unto This Last)

Why, to begin with, does the author relegate social affections to back seat?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Among the delusions which at different periods have possessed themselves of the minds of large masses of the human race, perhaps the most curious-certainly the least credible-is the modern science of political economy, based on the idea that an advantageous code of social action may be determined irrespectively of the influence of social affection.
Of course, as in the instances of alchemy, astrology, witchcraft, and other such popular creeds, political economy has a plausible idea at the root of it. “The social affections,” says the economist, “are accidental and disturbing elements in human nature; but avarice and the desire of progress are constant elements. Let us eliminate the inconstants, and, considering the human being merely as a covetous machine, examine by what laws of labour, purchase, and sale, the greatest accumulative result in wealth is obtainable. Those laws once determined, it will be for each individual afterwards to introduce as much of the disturbing affectionate element as he chooses, and to determine for himself the result on the new conditions supposed.” 
This would be a perfectly logical and successful method of analysis, if the accidentals afterwards to be introduced were of the same nature as the powers first examined. Supposing a body in motion to be influenced by constant and inconstant forces, it is usually the simplest way of examining its course to trace it first under the persistent conditions, and afterwards introduce the causes of variation.
But the disturbing elements in the social problem are not of the same nature as the constant ones; they alter the essence of the creature under examination the moment they are added; they operate, not mathematically, but chemically, introducing conditions which render all our previous knowledge unavailable. We made learned experiments upon pure nitrogen, and have convinced ourselves that it is a very manageable gas: but behold ! the thing which we have practically to deal with is its chloride; and this, the moment we touch it on our established principles, sends us and our apparatus through the ceiling.
It is not for us to impugn or doubt the conclusions of the science, if its terms are accepted. We should simply be uninterested in them, as we should be in those of a science of gymnastics which assumed that men had no skeletons. It might be shown, on that supposition, that it would be advantageous to roll the students up into pellets, flatten them into cakes, or stretch them into cables; and that when these results were effected, the re-insertion of the skeleton would be attended with various inconveniences to their constitution. The reasoning might be admirable, the conclusions true, and the science deficient only in applicability.
Modern political economy stands on a precisely similar basis. Assuming, not that the human has no skeleton, but that it is all skeleton, it founds an ossifiant theory of progress on this negation of a soul; and having shown the utmost that may be made of bones, and constructed a number of interesting geometrical figures with death’s-heads and humeri, successfully proves the inconvenience of the reappearance of a soul among these corpuscular structures. We would not deny the truth of this theory: we may simply deny its applicability to the present phase of the world. (Excerpted from John Ruskin’s Unto This Last)

According to the author, political economy can be bracketed with all branches of Science, except for its

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Among the delusions which at different periods have possessed themselves of the minds of large masses of the human race, perhaps the most curious-certainly the least credible-is the modern science of political economy, based on the idea that an advantageous code of social action may be determined irrespectively of the influence of social affection.
Of course, as in the instances of alchemy, astrology, witchcraft, and other such popular creeds, political economy has a plausible idea at the root of it. “The social affections,” says the economist, “are accidental and disturbing elements in human nature; but avarice and the desire of progress are constant elements. Let us eliminate the inconstants, and, considering the human being merely as a covetous machine, examine by what laws of labour, purchase, and sale, the greatest accumulative result in wealth is obtainable. Those laws once determined, it will be for each individual afterwards to introduce as much of the disturbing affectionate element as he chooses, and to determine for himself the result on the new conditions supposed.” 
This would be a perfectly logical and successful method of analysis, if the accidentals afterwards to be introduced were of the same nature as the powers first examined. Supposing a body in motion to be influenced by constant and inconstant forces, it is usually the simplest way of examining its course to trace it first under the persistent conditions, and afterwards introduce the causes of variation.
But the disturbing elements in the social problem are not of the same nature as the constant ones; they alter the essence of the creature under examination the moment they are added; they operate, not mathematically, but chemically, introducing conditions which render all our previous knowledge unavailable. We made learned experiments upon pure nitrogen, and have convinced ourselves that it is a very manageable gas: but behold ! the thing which we have practically to deal with is its chloride; and this, the moment we touch it on our established principles, sends us and our apparatus through the ceiling.
It is not for us to impugn or doubt the conclusions of the science, if its terms are accepted. We should simply be uninterested in them, as we should be in those of a science of gymnastics which assumed that men had no skeletons. It might be shown, on that supposition, that it would be advantageous to roll the students up into pellets, flatten them into cakes, or stretch them into cables; and that when these results were effected, the re-insertion of the skeleton would be attended with various inconveniences to their constitution. The reasoning might be admirable, the conclusions true, and the science deficient only in applicability.
Modern political economy stands on a precisely similar basis. Assuming, not that the human has no skeleton, but that it is all skeleton, it founds an ossifiant theory of progress on this negation of a soul; and having shown the utmost that may be made of bones, and constructed a number of interesting geometrical figures with death’s-heads and humeri, successfully proves the inconvenience of the reappearance of a soul among these corpuscular structures. We would not deny the truth of this theory: we may simply deny its applicability to the present phase of the world. (Excerpted from John Ruskin’s Unto This Last)

The author has subjected ‘accidental and disturbing elements of human beings’ to the same kind of experimentations that are conducted in a laboratory for conducting Science tests. Why?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Among the delusions which at different periods have possessed themselves of the minds of large masses of the human race, perhaps the most curious-certainly the least credible-is the modern science of political economy, based on the idea that an advantageous code of social action may be determined irrespectively of the influence of social affection.
Of course, as in the instances of alchemy, astrology, witchcraft, and other such popular creeds, political economy has a plausible idea at the root of it. “The social affections,” says the economist, “are accidental and disturbing elements in human nature; but avarice and the desire of progress are constant elements. Let us eliminate the inconstants, and, considering the human being merely as a covetous machine, examine by what laws of labour, purchase, and sale, the greatest accumulative result in wealth is obtainable. Those laws once determined, it will be for each individual afterwards to introduce as much of the disturbing affectionate element as he chooses, and to determine for himself the result on the new conditions supposed.” 
This would be a perfectly logical and successful method of analysis, if the accidentals afterwards to be introduced were of the same nature as the powers first examined. Supposing a body in motion to be influenced by constant and inconstant forces, it is usually the simplest way of examining its course to trace it first under the persistent conditions, and afterwards introduce the causes of variation.
But the disturbing elements in the social problem are not of the same nature as the constant ones; they alter the essence of the creature under examination the moment they are added; they operate, not mathematically, but chemically, introducing conditions which render all our previous knowledge unavailable. We made learned experiments upon pure nitrogen, and have convinced ourselves that it is a very manageable gas: but behold ! the thing which we have practically to deal with is its chloride; and this, the moment we touch it on our established principles, sends us and our apparatus through the ceiling.
It is not for us to impugn or doubt the conclusions of the science, if its terms are accepted. We should simply be uninterested in them, as we should be in those of a science of gymnastics which assumed that men had no skeletons. It might be shown, on that supposition, that it would be advantageous to roll the students up into pellets, flatten them into cakes, or stretch them into cables; and that when these results were effected, the re-insertion of the skeleton would be attended with various inconveniences to their constitution. The reasoning might be admirable, the conclusions true, and the science deficient only in applicability.
Modern political economy stands on a precisely similar basis. Assuming, not that the human has no skeleton, but that it is all skeleton, it founds an ossifiant theory of progress on this negation of a soul; and having shown the utmost that may be made of bones, and constructed a number of interesting geometrical figures with death’s-heads and humeri, successfully proves the inconvenience of the reappearance of a soul among these corpuscular structures. We would not deny the truth of this theory: we may simply deny its applicability to the present phase of the world. (Excerpted from John Ruskin’s Unto This Last)

Which of the following, according to the passage, would suggest that just as there were four Ice-Ages, there were four Sun Ages too?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

In the countless ages of the world’s story which preceded the dawn of history, the evolution of life, both animal and vegetable, was profoundly affected by tremendous changes of temperature, whose full significance has only been realized within comparatively recent times.  There were cold periods, four in all, known as Ice Ages, which were fatal to many forms of life; these were always preceded or succeeded by Sun Ages, when living things evolved and developed, first great writhing monsters who lived on banks of slime and fought and devoured each other, and who appear to have been destroyed by the intense cold of the Second Ice Age; then mammals such as horses and bears, very small at first, but gradually increasing in size as they became accustomed to their surroundings. The Ice Ages, which were not universal, either killed warmth-loving animals or caused them to migrate to sunnier climes, and it was the last Ice Age which appears to have caused the disappearance from England of such creatures as the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. During this time the struggle for existence was hard and rigorous, and it gave man the opportunity of developing the brain which has enabled him to assert his mastery over all other created things.
How man originated is still very doubtful. Possibly he is descended from some man-like ape, or it may be that he and the great anthropoid apes such as the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orang-outang are all descended from a common ancestor. The earliest evidences of the existence of creatures which may have been human are flints and stones roughly chipped and shaped so that they could be held in the hand and used probably as axes. At Trinal in Java, at Heidelberg in Germany, and in Central Africa remains have been found, such as the top of a skull, teeth and a thigh bone, and a jaw bone, which may have belonged to ancestors of man. The Heidelberg remains probably belong to the warm period before the Fourth Ice Age; those found in Rhodesia and Tanganyika are thought to be much older. With the former were also found remains of rhinoceroses, elephants, lions, and other warmth-loving animals, evidently from a time of great forests and moist climates. Gradually, however, there was a cooling of the temperature and then some great disturbance in Southern Europe, resulting in the separation of Africa and Europe, and so it was no longer possible for animals to wander as they pleased from Europe to Africa or for the hunters to follow them; consequently the men and animals of the two continents would tend to become differentiated. In the gravel and sand-beds of rivers Marne and Somme in France many of the rough flint implements used by these early hunters have been discovered. At Chelles-sur-Marne so many tools have been found that any resembling them are called Chellean. Here there was probably a flint industry; there was another at St. Acheul on the Somme, near Amiens, where much better tools were made. The stone axes of the Acheulean workers (who have given their name to the cool period which followed the warm Chellean period) had more even edges, and flint knives and awls and a primitive hammer were also made. It is probable that they bartered their wares for the fruits of the chase, and so were spared the necessity of hunting for their food.

What, according to the writer, is the delusion that has occupied the human mind for long time?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Among the delusions which at different periods have possessed themselves of the minds of large masses of the human race, perhaps the most curious-certainly the least credible-is the modern science of political economy, based on the idea that an advantageous code of social action may be determined irrespectively of the influence of social affection.
Of course, as in the instances of alchemy, astrology, witchcraft, and other such popular creeds, political economy has a plausible idea at the root of it. “The social affections,” says the economist, “are accidental and disturbing elements in human nature; but avarice and the desire of progress are constant elements. Let us eliminate the inconstants, and, considering the human being merely as a covetous machine, examine by what laws of labour, purchase, and sale, the greatest accumulative result in wealth is obtainable. Those laws once determined, it will be for each individual afterwards to introduce as much of the disturbing affectionate element as he chooses, and to determine for himself the result on the new conditions supposed.” 
This would be a perfectly logical and successful method of analysis, if the accidentals afterwards to be introduced were of the same nature as the powers first examined. Supposing a body in motion to be influenced by constant and inconstant forces, it is usually the simplest way of examining its course to trace it first under the persistent conditions, and afterwards introduce the causes of variation.
But the disturbing elements in the social problem are not of the same nature as the constant ones; they alter the essence of the creature under examination the moment they are added; they operate, not mathematically, but chemically, introducing conditions which render all our previous knowledge unavailable. We made learned experiments upon pure nitrogen, and have convinced ourselves that it is a very manageable gas: but behold ! the thing which we have practically to deal with is its chloride; and this, the moment we touch it on our established principles, sends us and our apparatus through the ceiling.
It is not for us to impugn or doubt the conclusions of the science, if its terms are accepted. We should simply be uninterested in them, as we should be in those of a science of gymnastics which assumed that men had no skeletons. It might be shown, on that supposition, that it would be advantageous to roll the students up into pellets, flatten them into cakes, or stretch them into cables; and that when these results were effected, the re-insertion of the skeleton would be attended with various inconveniences to their constitution. The reasoning might be admirable, the conclusions true, and the science deficient only in applicability.
Modern political economy stands on a precisely similar basis. Assuming, not that the human has no skeleton, but that it is all skeleton, it founds an ossifiant theory of progress on this negation of a soul; and having shown the utmost that may be made of bones, and constructed a number of interesting geometrical figures with death’s-heads and humeri, successfully proves the inconvenience of the reappearance of a soul among these corpuscular structures. We would not deny the truth of this theory: we may simply deny its applicability to the present phase of the world. (Excerpted from John Ruskin’s Unto This Last)

What is the kernel of this passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Strictly speaking, it is a public notice or announcement for advertising goods or services in newspapers, billboards or through radio broadcasts. We advertise because we wish to draw attention of consumers or prospective clients to goods, services and vacant positions on offer, and this is done through public medium. This is one of the most effective ways to sell, promote or seek employees. We advertise because in this jungle of variegated products, we need to inform consumers about what is available in the market to meet their everyday changing demand. In this burgeoning market of consumerism, if we fail to communicate effectively with the prospective buyers of our goods, we shall be left behind and get finally kicked out of the market.  So, in order to sell products, in order to survive the cut-throat competition and to sustain a business/economic activity, advertisement is a must tool. It not only keeps one in the mainstream, but also afloat. While this is the underlying principle and philosophy, the basic idea of advertisement is to reach out to people and to build clientele base.
There was a time when this was achieved through newspapers and radio broadcasts. But today the scenario has altered radically. While newspapers and radio broadcasts continue to play an important role to boost advertisement campaigns, there are many inexpensive and more innovative means of reaching out and for building clientele base. Electronic medium has come to acquire a very important place in advertisement. And electronic medium is not restricted to television channels and visuals alone. It includes online internet facilities and all that goes with it including facebook, twitter and blog (web log). Net is the new radio. Web world has become an integral part of every individual who thinks global, not local, and has become integrated with every field of activities. Any activity, be it buying or selling something, can be done via a website. This shows that a website is like an online advertisement that helps in marketing a product or an idea to a number of people in just one go. So, an individual who is internet savvy and can think out of the box can become a web designer and an effective advertiser. A web designer is an artist who decides and sculpts the look and feel of a website by employing his aesthetic sense and by turning a website into a product that sells. If we have one such designer in our midst, we have a classic advertiser in this web designer.
But there is no substitute for words. Words speak far more effectively than anything else. Visuals too cannot overshadow words. The only exception to this rule would be when the target group is illiterate. When the target group is not literate, visuals play their part though it is important for the visuals to relate to the product so that those who see the visual understand the relationship. Failure to relate with the product may be counterproductive. (Fundamentals of English Grammar, Prabhat Publications, New Delhi)

Which of the four Ice-Ages, according to the passage, proved hard and rigorous for survival of some of the big creatures as elephants, rhinoceros and hippopotamus?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

In the countless ages of the world’s story which preceded the dawn of history, the evolution of life, both animal and vegetable, was profoundly affected by tremendous changes of temperature, whose full significance has only been realized within comparatively recent times.  There were cold periods, four in all, known as Ice Ages, which were fatal to many forms of life; these were always preceded or succeeded by Sun Ages, when living things evolved and developed, first great writhing monsters who lived on banks of slime and fought and devoured each other, and who appear to have been destroyed by the intense cold of the Second Ice Age; then mammals such as horses and bears, very small at first, but gradually increasing in size as they became accustomed to their surroundings. The Ice Ages, which were not universal, either killed warmth-loving animals or caused them to migrate to sunnier climes, and it was the last Ice Age which appears to have caused the disappearance from England of such creatures as the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. During this time the struggle for existence was hard and rigorous, and it gave man the opportunity of developing the brain which has enabled him to assert his mastery over all other created things.
How man originated is still very doubtful. Possibly he is descended from some man-like ape, or it may be that he and the great anthropoid apes such as the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orang-outang are all descended from a common ancestor. The earliest evidences of the existence of creatures which may have been human are flints and stones roughly chipped and shaped so that they could be held in the hand and used probably as axes. At Trinal in Java, at Heidelberg in Germany, and in Central Africa remains have been found, such as the top of a skull, teeth and a thigh bone, and a jaw bone, which may have belonged to ancestors of man. The Heidelberg remains probably belong to the warm period before the Fourth Ice Age; those found in Rhodesia and Tanganyika are thought to be much older. With the former were also found remains of rhinoceroses, elephants, lions, and other warmth-loving animals, evidently from a time of great forests and moist climates. Gradually, however, there was a cooling of the temperature and then some great disturbance in Southern Europe, resulting in the separation of Africa and Europe, and so it was no longer possible for animals to wander as they pleased from Europe to Africa or for the hunters to follow them; consequently the men and animals of the two continents would tend to become differentiated. In the gravel and sand-beds of rivers Marne and Somme in France many of the rough flint implements used by these early hunters have been discovered. At Chelles-sur-Marne so many tools have been found that any resembling them are called Chellean. Here there was probably a flint industry; there was another at St. Acheul on the Somme, near Amiens, where much better tools were made. The stone axes of the Acheulean workers (who have given their name to the cool period which followed the warm Chellean period) had more even edges, and flint knives and awls and a primitive hammer were also made. It is probable that they bartered their wares for the fruits of the chase, and so were spared the necessity of hunting for their food.

While so many publicity tools are available in the market, the writer seems to advocate the case of internet ostensibly because

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Strictly speaking, it is a public notice or announcement for advertising goods or services in newspapers, billboards or through radio broadcasts. We advertise because we wish to draw attention of consumers or prospective clients to goods, services and vacant positions on offer, and this is done through public medium. This is one of the most effective ways to sell, promote or seek employees. We advertise because in this jungle of variegated products, we need to inform consumers about what is available in the market to meet their everyday changing demand. In this burgeoning market of consumerism, if we fail to communicate effectively with the prospective buyers of our goods, we shall be left behind and get finally kicked out of the market.  So, in order to sell products, in order to survive the cut-throat competition and to sustain a business/economic activity, advertisement is a must tool. It not only keeps one in the mainstream, but also afloat. While this is the underlying principle and philosophy, the basic idea of advertisement is to reach out to people and to build clientele base.
There was a time when this was achieved through newspapers and radio broadcasts. But today the scenario has altered radically. While newspapers and radio broadcasts continue to play an important role to boost advertisement campaigns, there are many inexpensive and more innovative means of reaching out and for building clientele base. Electronic medium has come to acquire a very important place in advertisement. And electronic medium is not restricted to television channels and visuals alone. It includes online internet facilities and all that goes with it including facebook, twitter and blog (web log). Net is the new radio. Web world has become an integral part of every individual who thinks global, not local, and has become integrated with every field of activities. Any activity, be it buying or selling something, can be done via a website. This shows that a website is like an online advertisement that helps in marketing a product or an idea to a number of people in just one go. So, an individual who is internet savvy and can think out of the box can become a web designer and an effective advertiser. A web designer is an artist who decides and sculpts the look and feel of a website by employing his aesthetic sense and by turning a website into a product that sells. If we have one such designer in our midst, we have a classic advertiser in this web designer.
But there is no substitute for words. Words speak far more effectively than anything else. Visuals too cannot overshadow words. The only exception to this rule would be when the target group is illiterate. When the target group is not literate, visuals play their part though it is important for the visuals to relate to the product so that those who see the visual understand the relationship. Failure to relate with the product may be counterproductive. (Fundamentals of English Grammar, Prabhat Publications, New Delhi)

The author says, 'it not only keeps one in the mainstream, but also afloat.' How, according to the passage, is this achieved?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Strictly speaking, it is a public notice or announcement for advertising goods or services in newspapers, billboards or through radio broadcasts. We advertise because we wish to draw attention of consumers or prospective clients to goods, services and vacant positions on offer, and this is done through public medium. This is one of the most effective ways to sell, promote or seek employees. We advertise because in this jungle of variegated products, we need to inform consumers about what is available in the market to meet their everyday changing demand. In this burgeoning market of consumerism, if we fail to communicate effectively with the prospective buyers of our goods, we shall be left behind and get finally kicked out of the market.  So, in order to sell products, in order to survive the cut-throat competition and to sustain a business/economic activity, advertisement is a must tool. It not only keeps one in the mainstream, but also afloat. While this is the underlying principle and philosophy, the basic idea of advertisement is to reach out to people and to build clientele base.
There was a time when this was achieved through newspapers and radio broadcasts. But today the scenario has altered radically. While newspapers and radio broadcasts continue to play an important role to boost advertisement campaigns, there are many inexpensive and more innovative means of reaching out and for building clientele base. Electronic medium has come to acquire a very important place in advertisement. And electronic medium is not restricted to television channels and visuals alone. It includes online internet facilities and all that goes with it including facebook, twitter and blog (web log). Net is the new radio. Web world has become an integral part of every individual who thinks global, not local, and has become integrated with every field of activities. Any activity, be it buying or selling something, can be done via a website. This shows that a website is like an online advertisement that helps in marketing a product or an idea to a number of people in just one go. So, an individual who is internet savvy and can think out of the box can become a web designer and an effective advertiser. A web designer is an artist who decides and sculpts the look and feel of a website by employing his aesthetic sense and by turning a website into a product that sells. If we have one such designer in our midst, we have a classic advertiser in this web designer.
But there is no substitute for words. Words speak far more effectively than anything else. Visuals too cannot overshadow words. The only exception to this rule would be when the target group is illiterate. When the target group is not literate, visuals play their part though it is important for the visuals to relate to the product so that those who see the visual understand the relationship. Failure to relate with the product may be counterproductive. (Fundamentals of English Grammar, Prabhat Publications, New Delhi)

Based on the passage, it is possible to conclude that this historical exploration has failed to settle the question of

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

In the countless ages of the world’s story which preceded the dawn of history, the evolution of life, both animal and vegetable, was profoundly affected by tremendous changes of temperature, whose full significance has only been realized within comparatively recent times.  There were cold periods, four in all, known as Ice Ages, which were fatal to many forms of life; these were always preceded or succeeded by Sun Ages, when living things evolved and developed, first great writhing monsters who lived on banks of slime and fought and devoured each other, and who appear to have been destroyed by the intense cold of the Second Ice Age; then mammals such as horses and bears, very small at first, but gradually increasing in size as they became accustomed to their surroundings. The Ice Ages, which were not universal, either killed warmth-loving animals or caused them to migrate to sunnier climes, and it was the last Ice Age which appears to have caused the disappearance from England of such creatures as the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. During this time the struggle for existence was hard and rigorous, and it gave man the opportunity of developing the brain which has enabled him to assert his mastery over all other created things.
How man originated is still very doubtful. Possibly he is descended from some man-like ape, or it may be that he and the great anthropoid apes such as the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orang-outang are all descended from a common ancestor. The earliest evidences of the existence of creatures which may have been human are flints and stones roughly chipped and shaped so that they could be held in the hand and used probably as axes. At Trinal in Java, at Heidelberg in Germany, and in Central Africa remains have been found, such as the top of a skull, teeth and a thigh bone, and a jaw bone, which may have belonged to ancestors of man. The Heidelberg remains probably belong to the warm period before the Fourth Ice Age; those found in Rhodesia and Tanganyika are thought to be much older. With the former were also found remains of rhinoceroses, elephants, lions, and other warmth-loving animals, evidently from a time of great forests and moist climates. Gradually, however, there was a cooling of the temperature and then some great disturbance in Southern Europe, resulting in the separation of Africa and Europe, and so it was no longer possible for animals to wander as they pleased from Europe to Africa or for the hunters to follow them; consequently the men and animals of the two continents would tend to become differentiated. In the gravel and sand-beds of rivers Marne and Somme in France many of the rough flint implements used by these early hunters have been discovered. At Chelles-sur-Marne so many tools have been found that any resembling them are called Chellean. Here there was probably a flint industry; there was another at St. Acheul on the Somme, near Amiens, where much better tools were made. The stone axes of the Acheulean workers (who have given their name to the cool period which followed the warm Chellean period) had more even edges, and flint knives and awls and a primitive hammer were also made. It is probable that they bartered their wares for the fruits of the chase, and so were spared the necessity of hunting for their food.

In the passage the Ice Age refers to

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

In the countless ages of the world’s story which preceded the dawn of history, the evolution of life, both animal and vegetable, was profoundly affected by tremendous changes of temperature, whose full significance has only been realized within comparatively recent times.  There were cold periods, four in all, known as Ice Ages, which were fatal to many forms of life; these were always preceded or succeeded by Sun Ages, when living things evolved and developed, first great writhing monsters who lived on banks of slime and fought and devoured each other, and who appear to have been destroyed by the intense cold of the Second Ice Age; then mammals such as horses and bears, very small at first, but gradually increasing in size as they became accustomed to their surroundings. The Ice Ages, which were not universal, either killed warmth-loving animals or caused them to migrate to sunnier climes, and it was the last Ice Age which appears to have caused the disappearance from England of such creatures as the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. During this time the struggle for existence was hard and rigorous, and it gave man the opportunity of developing the brain which has enabled him to assert his mastery over all other created things.
How man originated is still very doubtful. Possibly he is descended from some man-like ape, or it may be that he and the great anthropoid apes such as the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orang-outang are all descended from a common ancestor. The earliest evidences of the existence of creatures which may have been human are flints and stones roughly chipped and shaped so that they could be held in the hand and used probably as axes. At Trinal in Java, at Heidelberg in Germany, and in Central Africa remains have been found, such as the top of a skull, teeth and a thigh bone, and a jaw bone, which may have belonged to ancestors of man. The Heidelberg remains probably belong to the warm period before the Fourth Ice Age; those found in Rhodesia and Tanganyika are thought to be much older. With the former were also found remains of rhinoceroses, elephants, lions, and other warmth-loving animals, evidently from a time of great forests and moist climates. Gradually, however, there was a cooling of the temperature and then some great disturbance in Southern Europe, resulting in the separation of Africa and Europe, and so it was no longer possible for animals to wander as they pleased from Europe to Africa or for the hunters to follow them; consequently the men and animals of the two continents would tend to become differentiated. In the gravel and sand-beds of rivers Marne and Somme in France many of the rough flint implements used by these early hunters have been discovered. At Chelles-sur-Marne so many tools have been found that any resembling them are called Chellean. Here there was probably a flint industry; there was another at St. Acheul on the Somme, near Amiens, where much better tools were made. The stone axes of the Acheulean workers (who have given their name to the cool period which followed the warm Chellean period) had more even edges, and flint knives and awls and a primitive hammer were also made. It is probable that they bartered their wares for the fruits of the chase, and so were spared the necessity of hunting for their food.

What, according to the writer of the passage, 'this burgeoning market of consumerism' alludes to?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Strictly speaking, it is a public notice or announcement for advertising goods or services in newspapers, billboards or through radio broadcasts. We advertise because we wish to draw attention of consumers or prospective clients to goods, services and vacant positions on offer, and this is done through public medium. This is one of the most effective ways to sell, promote or seek employees. We advertise because in this jungle of variegated products, we need to inform consumers about what is available in the market to meet their everyday changing demand. In this burgeoning market of consumerism, if we fail to communicate effectively with the prospective buyers of our goods, we shall be left behind and get finally kicked out of the market.  So, in order to sell products, in order to survive the cut-throat competition and to sustain a business/economic activity, advertisement is a must tool. It not only keeps one in the mainstream, but also afloat. While this is the underlying principle and philosophy, the basic idea of advertisement is to reach out to people and to build clientele base.
There was a time when this was achieved through newspapers and radio broadcasts. But today the scenario has altered radically. While newspapers and radio broadcasts continue to play an important role to boost advertisement campaigns, there are many inexpensive and more innovative means of reaching out and for building clientele base. Electronic medium has come to acquire a very important place in advertisement. And electronic medium is not restricted to television channels and visuals alone. It includes online internet facilities and all that goes with it including facebook, twitter and blog (web log). Net is the new radio. Web world has become an integral part of every individual who thinks global, not local, and has become integrated with every field of activities. Any activity, be it buying or selling something, can be done via a website. This shows that a website is like an online advertisement that helps in marketing a product or an idea to a number of people in just one go. So, an individual who is internet savvy and can think out of the box can become a web designer and an effective advertiser. A web designer is an artist who decides and sculpts the look and feel of a website by employing his aesthetic sense and by turning a website into a product that sells. If we have one such designer in our midst, we have a classic advertiser in this web designer.
But there is no substitute for words. Words speak far more effectively than anything else. Visuals too cannot overshadow words. The only exception to this rule would be when the target group is illiterate. When the target group is not literate, visuals play their part though it is important for the visuals to relate to the product so that those who see the visual understand the relationship. Failure to relate with the product may be counterproductive. (Fundamentals of English Grammar, Prabhat Publications, New Delhi)