Biotechnology

A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti, is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain or improve tissue function or a whole organ.

Flavrsavr (also known as CGN-89564-2), a genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption.

Stem cells are biological cells found in all multi-cellular organisms that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialised cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. Hence, fact 1 is incorrect.

There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

Regenerative medicine is the "process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". Widely attributed to having first been coined by William Haseltine (founder of Human Genome Sciences), the term "Regenerative Medicine" was first found in a 1992 article on hospital administration by Leland Kaiser. The term 'regenerative medicine' is often used synonymously with tissue engineering, although those involved in regenerative medicine place more emphasis on the use of stem cells to produce tissues.

The world’s first Pashmina goat was cloned in Kashmir in March 2012. She has been named Noori.

Environmental toxicology, also known as entox, is a multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on living organisms. It is a young field that has developed rapidly over the past 40 years. Environmental toxicology involves the studying of sources, pathways, transformations, and effects of chemicals that are harmful in the environment.

GARIMA-II, another cloned buffalo calf, through the new and advanced ‘Hand-guided Cloning Technique’ was born at Karnal based National Dairy Research Institute under  Indian Council of Agricultural Research on Sunday (August 22, 2010). This cloned buffalo calf is different from the earlier clone calf because in this case, the used donor cell was embryonic stem cell.

Patents granted in the field of biology are called as bio-patents. Patents on plants, microorganisms or any process associated with manufacture of products from microorganisms can be categorized as bio-patents.

The order of growth rates is

Transgenic plants have genes inserted into them that are derived from another species. Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. The Bt-cotton variety contains a foreign gene obtained from bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterial gene, introduced genetically into the cotton seeds, protects the plants from bollworm.

Toxicity labels viz.; red label, yellow label, blue label and green label are mandatory labels employed on pesticide containers in India identifying the level of toxicity of the contained pesticide. The scheme follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 and the Insecticides Rules of 1971.

Extra-nuclear genetic material is found in mitochondria and plastids.