Nutrition in Plants and Animals - 3

 Chlorine helps in the photolysis of water. Photolysis is part of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Rumen of a cow is a part of its stomach. It serves as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed.

 Pepsin differs from trypsin in such a way that it digests protein in acidic medium in stomach.

Bilirubin and biliverdin are found in bile. Bilirubin is created by the activity of biliverdin reductase on biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. Bilirubin, when oxidized, reverts to become biliverdin once again.

 In people addicted to alcohol, the liver gets damaged because it has to detoxify the alcohol.

 Liver does not secrete any enzymes.It secretes bile that it produces every day from the conversion of broken down hemoglobin.

 Glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver and stored in liver and muscles.

Emulsification of fats by bile takes place in the duodenum. It is the breaking up of fat globules into much smaller emulsion droplets.

 A pound of butter contains more usable energy than a pound of sugar for a human, because a fat molecule has more carbon hydrogen bonds than a sugar molecule.

 Chlorophyll is present in the grana of chloroplast. It is the main pigment in green plantsrequired for photosynthesis.

 Grana refers to stacks of thylakoids in plastids.They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

 Dark reaction in photosynthesis is called so because it does not require direct light for the reaction to occur. This reaction occurs in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes.

Xanthophylls are the typical yellow pigments of leaves. A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll, which is inside an organelle called a chloroplast. Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue depending on the pH. Melanin is a class of compounds that serves as a pigment with different structures responsible for dark, tan, yellowish/reddish pigments in marine animals. 

Transpiration is important for a plant because it helps in the absorption of minerals, regulation of temperature and is the major driving force in movement of water in xylem. 

 Loss of water in the form of vapour through stomata is called transpiration.

 Flattened stems in a plant don't restrict transpiration.

Water in the plants is transported by the tissue called xylem. 

The epithelial cells lining the stomach of vertebrates are protected from damage by HCl because the epithelial cells are covered with a mucous secretion.

HCl maintains low pH to activate pepsinogen to form pepsin.

Cuscuta is a parasite which obtains its nourishment from living hosts.