Gandhian Era and Indian Independence Movement

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbandar, which is located in the state of Gujarat, India.

Gandhi traveled to London, Britain, to study law at the Inner Temple, where he was called to the bar in 1891.

Satyagraha is defined as the force of truth, which Gandhi paired with the principle of non-violence, or Ahimsa, as the core of his political philosophy.

The two foundational pillars of Gandhi's political and moral philosophy were Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satyagraha (truth-force/passive resistance).

Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram in 1916 upon his return to India from South Africa, located on the banks of the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad.

The Champaran Satyagraha, Gandhi's first major civil disobedience movement in India, took place in 1917 to support indigo farmers.

The Kheda Satyagraha was organized by Gandhi and Vallabhai Patel in 1918 to protest against the collection of taxes from farmers despite crop failure.

In 1920, Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement to support the Khilafat cause and protest against British policies in India.

The All India Kisan Sabha was formed in 1936 at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress to address the grievances of the peasantry.

Rani Gaidinliu was a Naga spiritual leader and freedom fighter from Manipur who led a revolt against British rule. She was given the title Rani of Nagas by Jawaharlal Nehru. Jhansi Rani refers to Laxmibai of Jhansi (1857 revolt), while Sarojini Naidu was the Nightingale of India.

The Chauri Chaura incident, which led to the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement, occurred in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces, which is modern-day Uttar Pradesh.

Vallabhai Patel rose to national prominence through his leadership and organizational skills during the Kheda Satyagraha in 1918.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the foremost leader fighting for scheduled castes rights, reservation, and social equality. He drafted the Indian Constitution and fought against untouchability. G.D. Birla was an industrialist, Madan Malaviya was a Congress leader, and Mohammed Iqbal was a poet-philosopher.

The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in 1920 in Mumbai ( then Bombay). It was India first national trade union federation. Pune, Jaipur, and Selam ( likely Salem) are incorrect - the founding happened in Bombay Presidency.

The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, passed the Purna Swaraj resolution and authorized the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927 to review the Government of India Act 1919, consisted of seven members, all of whom were British.

The discussions held at the three Round Table Conferences (1930-1932) culminated in the Government of India Act of 1935.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5 March 1931, leading to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Viceroy Lord Irwin agreed to release political prisoners and relax salt laws. Orwell is not correct, Wellesley was a historical figure, and lord is incomplete.

The Swaraj Party was formed in 1923 by leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das after suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement following Chauri-Chaura. They wanted to enter councils to obstruct from within. Other options are fictitious or wrong.

The Civil Disobedience Movement involved various forms of protest, including the violation of salt laws, non-payment of taxes, and the boycott of foreign goods.

K. Kelappan led the Salt Satyagraha in Kerala, famously known as the Salt Satyagraha at Payyanur and Kozhikode. He was called the Kerala Gandhi. Subhas Bose was in Bengal, and the other names are not associated with this movement.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhi started the Dandi March ( Salt March) from Sabarmati Ashram, walking 240 miles to the Arabian Sea to break salt laws. This launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. Trade union movement and Simon commission boycott were separate movements.

The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 is historically significant for passing the Poorna Swaraj resolution. This resolution declared complete independence as the ultimate goal of the Indian freedom struggle.