Biology (Medical Entrance)

The bone formed by the ossification of a tendon is called sesamoid bone. 

In adults, deficiency of vitamin D causes osteomalacia (weak bones liable to easy fracture) and in children, it causes rickets (Softness and deformities) of bones like bow-legs, and pigeon chests. 

Monocyte is the largest white blood cells (WBCs) whereas heamoglobin is found in RBCs. Thus monocyte is not correctly matched with haemoglobin. 

The junction between the terminations of two neurons is called a synapse. It is the the junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.

In a DNA segment, the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of adenine and that of guanine is equal to cytosine.
So,
A = T and G = C
80 = 80 and 90 = 90
Total = 80 + 80 + 90 + 90 = 340. 

Nematocysts are the characteristic feature of phylum Coelenterate. These are sac like organelles located at the centre of cnidocyte. Cnidocytes or stringing cells occur in entire epidermis except that of basal disc. The free end of each cnidocyte at epidermal surface bears a small and stiff conical spine-like projection called cnidocil or trigger. 

The teeth of rabbit are of several types (Heterodont) with roots in sockets of jaw bones (thecodont) and occur in two sets in life (diphyodont).

Addison's disease is caused by hyposecretion of adrenal cortex i.e., hyposecretion of aldosterone. This disease is characterized by:
(1)        Excessive loss of sodium chloride in the urine.
(2)        Lowering of blood pressure.
(3)        Muscular weakness. 

It is the bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that passes from the atrioventricular node to the interventricular septum and then the ventricles. It conducts the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat from the right atrium to the left and right ventricles.

Brunner's glands are branched and tubular which are located in duodenum only. These glands help in lubricating the food and separate the solid particle of food. 

Development of different functional structures from a common ancestral form is called adaptive radiation or divergent evolution.

1.      Varied limb structures of mammals
2.      <st1:city w:st="on" style="font-family:"><st1:place w:st="on">Darwin's finches of Galapagos island
3.         Australian marsupials

In recent past human chromosome have been studied by a techinque using specific, often flouroscent dyes, known as karyotyping technique. The term karyotype is given to the group of characteristics that identifies a particular chromosome set and is usually represented by a diagram called idiogram.

The sex chromosomes in females are XX. in female individuals, there are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosome (22 pair + XX).

Trypanosomiasis is most serious protozoan disease caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosomiasis gambiense. It is found firstly in blood, than in lymph and finally in the cerebrospinal vfluid of man. Its secondary host is a blood sucking insect Glossina (tse-tse fly). Wuchereria bancrofti causes filariasis or elephantiasis in man. 

Zidovudine, azidothymidine, dideoxyinosine and crixivan are some synthetic drugs which are being used to prevent AIDS. 

<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa="">Unstriped or non-striated or visceral or smooth or involuntary muscles are found in iris of eye, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, lungs, urinogenital tract, urinary bladder and blood vessels. 

The hypersecretion of growth hormone or somatotrophic hormone during adult hood causes acromegaly. Acromegaly patient has a gorilla like appearance with huge hands and legs. 

Heparin is a naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by basophils and mast cells.[9] Heparin acts as an anticoagulant, preventing the formation of clots and extension of existing clots within the blood.

A hinge joint (ginglymus) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane.The best examples of ginglymoid joints are the interphalangeal joints of the hand and those of the foot and the joint between the humerus and ulna.

Phenylketonuria is disorder caused by the defect in amino acid metabolism. Children suffering with phenylketonuria are unable to breakdown phenyl pyruvic acid into hydroxyl phenyl pyruvic acid. Accumulation of phenyl pyruvic acid causes mental disorder. 

General characters of chordates are:
(1)        Presence of pharyngeal gill slits at any stage of life.
<span style="font-family:" arial;="" font-size:="" 10pt;="">(2)<span style="font-family:" arial;="" font-size:="" 10pt;="">        <span style="font-family:" arial;="" font-size:="" 10pt;="">Presence of notochord at any stage of life. 
(3)        Presence of dorsal tubular nerve cord.

Indian wildlife comprises about 75,000 species of mammals, 2100 species of birds and plenty of reptiles like lizards, snakes, turtles. Some important Indian wild animals and their site for conservation are as follow.
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height:" 19px;="">Rhinoceros - <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Kaziranga <st1:placetype w:st="on">National Park
Asiatic lion - Gir Forest National Park
Wild ass - Rann of Kutch 

When F₁ hybrid is crossed with one of the two parents form whcih they were derived than such a cross is called back cross. The cross of F₁ hybrid to the recessive parent is used to ascertain whether a dominant is homozygous or heterozygous and it is called test cross.

Papillo, Xeropsylla and Musca all belongs to class-insecta of phylum-Arthropoda. 

Type of Malaria                                               Pathogen<o:p>
Cerebral malaria             -                      Plasmodium falciparum<o:p>
Benign tertian malaria     -                      Plasmodium vivax<o:p>
Quartan malaria             -                      Plasmodium malariae
<o:p>Oval malaria                  -                      Plasmodium ovale