Biology (Medical Entrance)

In S-shaped or sigmoid curve, the growth rate is very high. The birth and death rates are two major determinants of population growth. Growth rate will be high when birth rate exceeds the death rate. 

Jaw suspension characteristic of mammals is 'craniostylic'; considered it as a modification of autostylic suspension. Upper jaw fuses throughout its length with cranium and hyomandibular forms the ear ossicle stapes. 

CO₂ and H₂O are the end product of complete aerobic oxidation of food through Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC), CO₂ is most abundant, harmful and universal waste product of metabolism.

Marriage between a Rh (+ve) man and Rh (-ve) woman is not suitable.

Kidney of man is metanephros.The development of the kidney proceeds through a series of successive phases, each marked by the development of a more advanced kidney: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros.The pronephros is the most immature form of kidney, while the metanephros is most developed. The metanephros persists as the definitive adult kidney.
 

Entamoeba histolytica differ from Amoeba proteus due to absence of contractile vacuole. It is monogenetic, dimorphic and parasitic protozoan found in intestine and causes amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis. 

Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature.

Larva of Ascaris first enter the host intestine and reaches the liver through portal system and lymph channel now it reaches to heart and then to lungs. In lungs, larva settles down in capillaries of alveoli for sometime and undergoes two moultings one after the other. 

The water and many dissolved substances form the blood are filtered into the lumen of the bowman's capsule. The glomerular filtrate contains a large amount of water and other substances. Thus, glomerular filtrate and blood plasma are similar except that glomerular filtrate does not have protein and fats. 

Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma gambiense. It is a flagellate parasite of human blood transmitted by tsetse fly. In more advanced condition, the patient sleeps continuously, convulsions occur then profound coma and finally death. 

Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle is a slowly adapting mechanoreceptor found in the cutaneous tissue of humans. It is named after Angelo Ruffini.This spindle-shaped receptor is sensitive to skin stretch, and contributes to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement.

Aging pacemaker theory suggests that one cell or one type of tissue interferes with cell proliferation, thereby initiating the process of senescence throughout the body.

According to the Mayr, a species is “the group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population producing fertile offspring and reproductively isolated from other groups.” 

Genetic drift or Sewall Wright effect is an important mechanism in evolutionary change in small populations. In a small population not all the alleles which are representative of that species may be present. Therefore, chance events may result in the elimination of that allele form population. 

Stenohaline fishes are represented by those which can tolerate a wide range of salinity in water. 

This is atavism. 

A fungal disease of poultry is monilliasis, which mainly occurs in young and growing chicks. 

Growth is an irreversible process seen at all organizational levels. It consist of cell growth. Growth is the result of the excess of the anabolic (synthetic) over the catabolic (destructive) processes in the organism. 

Corpus callosum is the commissure of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres in mammals. It helps in coordinating activities of two cerebral hemispheres.

During urea cycle, the cytosolic enzyme arginase cleaves arginase to yield urea and ornithine. Ornithine is transported into the mitochondrion to initiate another round of the urea cycle.

Urea is formed in liver through ornithine cycle. The liver cells continuously release urea into the blood. Now, kidneys withdraw it from the blood to excrete in urine. 

Eugenics is the branch of study concerned with imporvement of human race by application of principles of genetic traits and thus improving human genotypes and gene pool.
Euthenics is the branch of applied genetics under which are studied the ways and means of providing the best environmental conditions to ensure complete expression of all eugenics traits in developing children.
Euphenics is the study of improvemnet of human race by altering the proteins during translation process in cells. This is also called medical engineering.
Genetics is the study of hereditary characters and their inheritance.

Sudorific gland or sudoriferous glands are found in skin or mammals. These glands secrete sweat to cool the body. 

Estrogens spur the development of the female secondary sex characteristics: enlargement of the breasts, appearance of hair under the arms and in the genital area, and the accumulation of fat in the hips and thighs. Estrogens also act with progesterone to stimulate the growth of the lining of the uterus, preparing it to receive a fertilized egg.

Scala media contains the organ of hearing, named organ of Corti. Organ of Corti is named after its discoverer Alfanso Corti. Organ of Corti rests on the basilar membrane and contains receptor hear cells, Deiter's cells (basal cells), cells of Hensen (supporting cells), etc.