Computers Test - 3

A buffer is temporary storage area in memory that holds data while it's being moved from one place to another. It helps manage differences in speed between input/output devices and the processor.

Batch processing groups multiple data records together to process them efficiently as a single unit rather than handling each record individually. This approach improves throughput and reduces overhead by processing data in predefined groups.

CPU clock speed measures how many instruction cycles the processor can execute per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Modern processors operate in gigahertz (GHz) range, meaning billions of cycles per second, which determines how quickly the CPU can process instructions.

A channel is a dedicated electronic pathway that allows data to flow between two or more points in a computer system. Channels can be physical (wires) or logical (communication protocols) and enable organized data transfer between components.

A computer bus is a set of parallel wires that connects major components like CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Buses transfer data, addresses, and control signals simultaneously between multiple parts of the computer system.

Email uses encryption for security, dynamic (not static) keys for authentication, and requires Network Interface Cards for connectivity. Static keys are not a standard characteristic of email systems, as encryption typically uses dynamic or session-based keys.

A complete PC system requires both hardware (physical components like CPU, memory, storage) and software (operating system and applications) to function. Input and output devices are hardware components, but not sufficient alone. A keyboard and printer are not mandatory.

Processing control procedures maintain data integrity by recording before and after images of transactions. This creates an audit trail that allows recovery in case of system failure or error detection. Access control and user authorization are security measures, not processing controls.

Computerization aims to replace manual systems with automated ones. Focusing on manual records contradicts the purpose of computerization, which is to eliminate paper-based processes. Customer service and back-office integration are essential for successful computerization.

Computers are characterized by speed, automation, and versatility - they can perform tasks quickly, operate automatically, and handle diverse applications. Intelligence is not a characteristic - computers follow programmed instructions without cognitive understanding.

 The Third generation computers came in 1965 and lasted till 1971.

RAM is volatile memory - when power is lost, all stored data and instructions are erased. This is why unsaved work is lost during power outages. PC/XT systems used 8088 processors, not 80186 or 80286 as mentioned in option A.

FTP i.e file transfer protocol, is used to transfer a file from node to node.

FTP works at OSI layer 7,  i.e. the Application layer.

In the binary numbering system, every possible value can be represented using only the digits 0 and 1. These two digits are the fundamental building blocks of all data in digital computing.

A menu is a graphical or text-based interface element that presents a list of commands or options for a user to choose from. This allows users to navigate software and execute functions without needing to remember specific commands.

The term "bit" is a portmanteau of "binary digit," representing the smallest unit of data in computing. Each bit can have a value of either 0 or 1.

An application package is a prewritten set of programs designed to perform specific user tasks, such as word processing or accounting. These packages are ready-to-use software solutions that do not require the user to develop their own code.

Magnetic bubble memory devices typically had capacities around 1 megabit (such as the Intel 7110). In the context of older computing terminology, 1 megabyte was often cited as the typical practical storage limit for these specialized non-volatile devices.

ACK is the standard abbreviation for Acknowledge in networking and data communication protocols.

FDD stands for Fixed Disk Drive in the context of storage hardware.

IBM is a well-known multinational technology company, standing for International Business Machines.

BRI stands for Basic Rate Interface, which is a standard configuration for ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network).

HP is a major technology company known for computers and printers, standing for Hewlett Packard.

 DEL stands for Delete command or Delete key on the keyboard, which is used to delete the data.

BAM in computing often refers to Basic Access Methods, which define how data is retrieved from storage.

In many command-line interfaces and text editors (like Bash or Emacs), CTRL-A is the standard shortcut to move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.

EFT stands for Electronic Funds Transfer, which refers to the digital movement of money between bank accounts.