Biology

O₂ gas is the by product being produced during photosynthesis . It can only pass out of the leaf through the opened stomata.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles, found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant cell's chlorophyll, hence provide the green color. They have a double outer membrane. Within the stroma are other membrane structures - the thylakoids and grana (singular = granum) where photosynthesis takes place.

Light strikes photosystem-2 by exciting the electrons. The electron comes from a water molecule that has been split into hydrogen and oxygen. The excited electrons then travel down a short electron transport chain, and while doing so, they pump H⁺ into the inner thylakoid space across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma. The electrons are then passed, at the end of the transport chain, to photosystem 1, where they are re-excited by light.

The light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. This chemical reaction must take place in the light.

The dark reaction takes place in the stroma, within the chloroplast, and converts CO₂ to sugar. This reaction does not directly need light in order, to occur, but it does need the products, of the light reaction (ATP and another chemical called NADPH). The dark reaction involves a cycle, called the Calvin cycle, in which CO₂ and energy from ATP are used, to form sugar.

The plants look green in color, due to the presence of peculiar organelle, referred as chloroplast and presence of light absorbing pigment, such as chlorophyll. The chlorophyll pigment in chloroplast, is capable to trap the sunlight, as primary source of energy, are able to fix the carbon dioxide present in the air and in turn produce the food molecule, in form of glucose or carbohydrates.

Light reactions occur mostly in the thylakoid stacks of the grana. Here, sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (high energy electron carrying molecule).

The Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast, in which carbon enters in the form of CO₂ and leaves in the form of sugar i.e. glucose.

Rain forests belong to the tropical wet climate group. Rainforests now cover less than 6% of Earth's land surface. Scientists estimate that more than half of all the world's plant and animal species, live in tropical rain forests. Tropical rainforests produce 40% of Earth's oxygen. A tropical rain forest has more kinds of trees, than any other area in the world. Scientists have counted about 100 to 300 species, in one 2 1/2-acre (1-hectare) area in South America. Seventy percent of the plants in the rainforest, are trees.

A centriole is a barrel-shaped cell structure [1] found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though absent in higher plants and most fungi [2] The walls of each centriole are usually composed of nine triplets of microtubules.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles, found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant cell's chlorophyll, hence the green color. They have a double outer membrane. Within the stroma, are other membrane structures - the thylakoids and grana (singular = granum) where photosynthesis takes place.

Eosinophils are 14-16 μm in diameter and contain a blue nucleus that is segmented into two distinct lobes.

Kinetin is part of a group of similar plant hormones, called cytokinins. Its primary role is to extend plant life by promoting cell division and cell enlargement. It is also involved in apical dominance. Kinetin is also called 6-Furfurylaminopurine.

It is mainly distributed in, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Andhra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.They are the products of weathering of deccan trap. They can be deep black soils, clay loam soils, sandy clay soils. It is suitable for growing cotton.

Monocots or monocotyledons are one of two major groups, of flowering plants, that have one cotyledon (seed-leaf) Examples of monocots of grass family, used for human consumption, is, rice, wheat, corn (maize), rye, barley, teff, millet and other species.

Large amounts of water produced from mine drainage, mine cooling, aqueous extraction and other mining processes increases the potential for these chemicals to contaminate ground and surface water.

Stem cuttings are the most commonly used method of vegetative propagation. A stem cutting is plant stem including a tip (e.g. shoot, twig, sucker, ) or a portion of a stem, without the apex, that includes one or more nodes removed from a parent plant and capable of rooting.  A stem cutting is used to grow a whole new plant, which is also known as cloning. Hibiscus is grown by this method.

Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity, are the natural causes of air pollution.

Pericycle is a region that lies immediately below the endodermis. It is represented by a single layer of parenchyma cells. It gives rise to lateral roots.

This is composting without air. If you just stack your debris in a pile, it will generally compact to the point, where there is no available air, for beneficial organisms to live.

Quinine is a drug obtained from the cinchona bark, that is used mainly, in the treatment of malaria. Quinine belongs to a class of medications, called antimalarials. It works by killing the organisms, that cause malaria.

Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food, from an inorganic source of carbon . Most autotrophs use sunlight in the process of photosynthesis, to make their own food. Photosynthesis is the name of the process which autotrophs use, to convert water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy, into sugars and oxygen. Examples of autotrophs are, plants and algae

Secondary treatment is called the activated sludge process. Air pumped into large aeration tanks mixes the waste water and sludge, that stimulates the growth of oxygen-using bacteria and other tiny organisms, that are naturally present in the sewage. These beneficial microorganisms consume most of the remaining organic materials, that are polluting the water and this produces heavier particles, that will settle later in the treatment process.

Slash and burn is a forestry technique, which involves cutting down trees and shrubs, on a large swath of land, allowing them to dry, and then setting a fire. It is a rapid and effective method for clearing a chunk of land, typically with the intention of converting it, for agricultural use. It does not characterize green revolution.

This is most beneficial for composting food waste. Apart from red worms, this includes, composting with bacteria, fungi, insects, and other bugs.