One Word Substitution

A curator is someone who is in charge of a museum.

Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.

Ominous describes something that suggests that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen in the future.

Insidious refers to something that proceeds in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.

The sentence is about ill-effects, not about death (fatal). Foul is offensive to the senses, not necessarily harmful. Cancer is not a substance and is not taken in. Deleterious is the type of effect when something is taken in which produces ill effects.

Agrobiology is the study of plant nutrition and soil yields, focusing on the relationship between soil and plant growth.

Terotechnology is the technology of installation, commissioning, maintenance, replacement, and removal of plant, machinery, and equipment.

Misappropriation refers to the unauthorized or dishonest use of funds or property. Embezzle is a specific type of misappropriation, but misappropriation is the broader term for the act described.

To digress means to leave the main subject in speech or writing. Deviate is similar but often implies a broader departure from a standard or path.

Amiable is used to refer to someone who is typically sweet and friendly. Amicable could be used, but when someone is being amicable, they are being sweet and friendly in order to avoid a conflict.

A mimic is a person who copies the behavior, speech, or gestures of others, often for entertainment or mockery.

 Circumlocution is the act of using more words than necessary in order to explain something, i.e a roundabout, indirect, or lengthy way of expressing something.
Verbose is using too many words i.e. long winded. So option 4 i.e. circumlocution best answers the question. 

A kindergarten is a school or class for young children, usually between the ages of four and six, intended to prepare them for primary school.

A glutton is a person who eats and drinks to excess. The other terms refer to different concepts: coadjutor (assistant), malefactor (criminal), and altruist (selfless person).

A crescograph is a device for measuring the growth of plants. It was invented by Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose.

Chauvinism refers to exaggerated or aggressive patriotism. It often implies a belief in the superiority of one's own country or group.

Phantophagist refers to a person or animal who eats all kinds of food. Glutton is someone who eats too much food.

A thermometer is the standard instrument used for measuring temperature. Pyrometers are used for very high temperatures, but thermometer is the general term.

A gloss is a brief explanatory note or translation of a difficult or technical expression in a text. A glossary is a collection of such terms.

An episode is a distinct event or incident that is part of a larger series or sequence of events.

Contemporary refers to people or things belonging to or occurring in the same period of time.

Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects.