Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

The triglycerides are esters of glycerol with long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids always have an even number of carbons and may be saturated e.g, palmitic acid (C₁₅H₃₁COOH) and stearic acid (C₁₇H₃₅COOH) or unsaturated e.g., oleic acid (C₁₇H₃₃COOH) and linolenic acid (C₁₇H₂₉COOH). The three fatty acids in triglycerides may be same or different. Fats are glycerides of saturated fatty acids e.g., triplamitin and tristearin.

Cholesterol is a constituent of membrane structure and it synthesizes bile acids, hormones and vitamin D. It is the principal sterol of higher animals, abundant in nerve tissues and gallstones.

There are esters of long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long chain monohydroxy alcohols. The fatty acids range between C₁₄ and C₃₆ and the alcohols range from C₁₆ to C₃₆. Most of the waxes are mixtures.

A toilet soap is a cleansing agent made from the potassium salts of vegetable or animal fats. It is a mild soap, often coloured and scented, used for washing oneself .

All are the functions of fats.

Phospholipids are used as detergents to emulsify fat for transport within the body. They act as cellular metabolic regulators.They protect internal organs, serve as insulating materials and give shape and smoothness to the body.They serve as a source of fat soluble vitamins.

All are the applications of drying oil.

The triglycerides are esters of glycerol with long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids always have an even number of carbons and may be saturated e.g, palmitic acid (C₁₅H₃₁COOH) and stearic acid (C₁₇H₃₅COOH) or unsaturated e.g., oleic acid (C₁₇H₃₃COOH) and linolenic acid (C₁₇H₂₉COOH). The three fatty acids in triglycerides may be same or different. Fats are glycerides of saturated fatty acids e.g., triplamitin and tristearin. Oils contains unsaturated fatty acids e.g., tristearin. Oils contain unsaturated fatty acids e.g., triolein. a-oleo-b-palmito-a'- stearin is an example of mixed glyceride.

A candle is a solid block of fuel (commonly wax) and an embedded wick, which is lit to provide light, and sometimes heat. Gel candles are made from a mixture of paraffin and plastic.

Fats are the compound formed from chemicals called fatty acids. These fats are greasy, solid materials found in animal tissues and fats are the major component of the flabby material of a body, commonly known as blubber. Fat is needed so our body can absorb the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and prevent deficiencies of these vitamins.

The triglycerides are esters of glycerol with long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids always have an even number of carbons and may be saturated e.g, palmitic acid (C₁₅H₃₁COOH) and stearic acid (C₁₇H₃₅COOH) or unsaturated e.g., oleic acid (C₁₇H₃₃COOH) and linolenic acid (C₁₇H₂₉COOH).The three fatty acids in triglycerides may be same or different. Fats are glycerides of saturated fatty acids e.g., triplamitin and tristearin. Oils contains unsaturated fatty acids e.g., tristearin.

Peanut oil is an organic material oil derived from peanuts, noted to have the aroma and taste of its parent legume. Peanut oil is appreciated for its high smoke point relative to many other cooking oils. Its major component fatty acids are oleic acid (56.6%) and linoleic acid (26.7%).[citation needed]. The oil also contains some palmitic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and other fatty acids.It forms soap on reaction with NaOH.

Phospholipids are the constituents of cell mebrane and regulate membrane permeability. Phospholipids are also used as detergents to emulsify fat for transport within the body. They act as cellular metabolic regulators.They protect internal organs, serve as insulating materials and give shape and smoothness to the body. Accumulation of fat in liver is prevented by phospholipids.

Surfactant is a complex naturally occurring substance made of six lipids (fats) and four proteins that is produced in the lungs. It can also be manufactured synthetically. Surfactant reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) more stable. This keeps them from collapsing when an individual exhales.

The triglycerides are esters of glycerol with long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids always have an even number of carbons and may be saturated e.g, palmitic acid (C₁₅H₃₁COOH) and stearic acid (C₁₇H₃₅COOH) or unsaturated e.g., oleic acid (C₁₇H₃₃COOH) and linolenic acid (C₁₇H₂₉COOH).The three fatty acids in triglycerides may be same or different.Oils contains unsaturated fatty acids e.g., tristearin. Oils contain unsaturated fatty acids e.g., triolein. A-oleo-b-palmito-a'- stearin is an example of mixed glyceride.

Soft paraffin is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25),[2] originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. Its folkloric medicinal value as a cure-all has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses.

Fats can be kept fresh and unrancid longest by keeping at very cool temperatures and in the dark, and away from exposure to oxygen & moisture of the atmosphere. Ideally this would mean in refrigeration without light or in a light-blocking container, and either vacuum-sealed or else with airspace filled with nitrogen or other nontoxic gas without oxygen.

Main reserve food in plants is starch and in animals is glycogen.

Simple lipids are known as triglycerides or triacyl glycerols . Some of these are solids at room temperature , while others are liquids . Solids are known as fats and liquids are known as oils . Some examples are tripalmitin , tristearin and triolein .

Fats & oils are triglycerides .They are esters of fatty acids with glycerol. They are insoluble in water, non-polar in character, and are commonly called neutral fats.

Parrafin is used as a component in , protecting foods such as jellies and cheeses. It is added to foods as a preservative and to make the food more attractive. Many chocolates and sweets, for example, contain paraffin wax to give the candy a shiny coating. The wax also stops moisture from leaving the coated candy, keeping the candy moist and less likely to spoil in unrefrigerated conditions.

These lipids are obtained on hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids. These lipids contain glycerol and other alcohols. This class of lipids include steroid hormones, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mono and diglycerides, terpenes and carotenoids. These are sometimes present as waste products of metabolism.

Spermaceti (from Greek sperma, seed, and Latin cetus, whale) sometimes erroneously called parmaceti is a wax present in the head cavities of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Spermaceti is extracted from sperm oil by crystallisation at 6 °C, when treated by pressure and a chemical solution of caustic alkali

It is a substance used to enhance the cleansing action of water. A detergent is an emulsifier, which penetrates and breaks up the oil film that binds dirt particles and a wetting agent, which helps them to float off. Emulsifier molecules have an oil-like nonpolar portion which is drawn into the oil and a polar group that is water-soluble; by bridging the oilwater interface, they break the oil into dispersible droplets (emulsion). As a surfactant, a detergent decreases the surface tension of water and helps it penetrate soil.

One important industrial use is in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils to make margarine, which also involves reacting a carbon-carbon double bond in the vegetable oil with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Ethene molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the nickel. The double bond between the carbon atoms breaks and the electrons are used to bond it to the nickel surface.