Taxonomy and Biological Classification

 The term systematics was coined by Linnaeus.

 The basis of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic engineering is that the T-DNA of A. tumefaciens is excised and integrates into the plant genome as part of the natural infection process by this bacterium. So, any foreign DNA inserted into the T-DNA will also be integrated.

 Litmus is a water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity.

 Gram positive bacteria stain violet due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet these cells are stained with. Alternatively, Gram negative bacteria stain red, which is attributed to a thinner peptidoglycan wall, which does not retain the crystal violet during the decoloring process.

 The highest unit of classification is Kingdom.

Juvenile stage of funaria is called protonema.

  Order is an assemblage of families resembling one another in a few characters.

 Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in having well devloped vascular tissues.

  The tallest moss in the world is Dawsonia superba, which can have a stem up to 50 centimetres (20 in) tall.

 In Riccia the sporogonium is the simplest known sporophyte among the bryophytes. It lacks both the foot and the seta.

 The whisk fern (Psilotum spp., family Psilotaceae) splays its leafless, whisk-like branches upward, and is a living fossil from the time before the dinosaurs. It can grow as an epiphyte in moist climates or as a terrestrial plant in drier areas. 

 The fern in which the entire sporangium develops from a single superficial cell of the sporophyll is known as leptosporangiate.

 karyotaxonomy, a branch of systematics that studies the structure of the cell nucleus in the various groups of organisms (taxa) in order to determine the extent of their phylogenetic kinship and to use the results to construct the natural system of a given group of organisms.

 Theophrastus described plants by their uses, and attempted a biological classification based on how plants reproduced, a first in the history of botany.

 A single neck canal cell with two nuclei is found in the archegonium of
dryopteris.

  Pilin refers to a class of fibrous proteins that are found in pilus structures in bacteria. Bacterial pili are used in the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation.

Zoos are primarily dry facilities where animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.

 Cryptogams include algae, fungi, bacteria, bryophytes, etc. All these groups together are also known as non-vascular cryptogams, i.e. they do not have well developed vascular system.

 John Ray was the first to give a biological definition of the term species.He also gave the concept of  monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

 A vasculum or a botanical box is a stiff container used by botanists to keep field samples viable for transportation. The main purpose of the valsculum is to transport plants without crushing them and by maintaining a cool, humid environment.

 Specimens exhibited are lifeless and inactive in zoological museums.

 Lichens are an intimate symbiosis, in which two species live together as a type of composite organism. Lichens are an obligate mutualism between a fungus mycobiont and an alga or blue-green bacterium phycobiont.

 Statistical methods are employed in numerical taxonomy.

Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous (lack chlorophyll), spore-bearing, and saprophytic organisms.

 Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world.