Chemistry Fundamentals

Washing soda is the common name for sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O). Sodium bicarbonate is baking soda, and sodium chloride is common salt.

A saturated solution is one in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved at a given temperature. Therefore, no more solute can be dissolved under those conditions.

The composition of air varies based on local conditions such as humidity, pollution, and altitude, making it different from place to place.

Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is called dry ice because it undergoes sublimation directly from a solid to a gas without passing through a liquid phase.

Isotones are atoms that have the same number of neutrons. For Si (30-14=16), P (31-15=16), and S (32-16=16), all have 16 neutrons.

Cooking gas (LPG) is stored in cylinders under high pressure, which causes it to liquefy. This allows a large amount of fuel to be stored in a compact volume.

Carbon has a unique ability to form long chains and rings with other carbon atoms, a property known as catenation. This allows it to form a vast number of organic compounds.

Natural rubber is a polymer made up of repeating units of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene).

Animal charcoal is produced by the destructive distillation of bones, which involves heating them in the absence of air to prevent combustion.

Natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH4), which is a hydrocarbon composed of carbon and hydrogen.

Common salt (NaCl) is an ionic compound that dissociates into ions in water, allowing it to conduct electricity. Sugar, glucose, and ethyl alcohol are covalent compounds that do not dissociate into ions.

Milk is a colloid where fat droplets are dispersed in water, making it a classic example of an emulsion.

Combustion is a chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce new substances (like CO2 and water). The other options are physical processes (dissolution, distillation, mixing).

The Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia involves the reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas under high pressure and temperature.

Camphor is a substance that undergoes sublimation, meaning it transitions directly from solid to gas when heated, allowing it to be purified easily.

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH), which gives it its characteristic acidic taste and properties.

Common salt (NaCl) is an ionic solid. In its molten state, the ions are free to move, allowing it to conduct electricity. The others are covalent compounds that do not form ions.

Carbon's ability to form stable covalent bonds with hydrogen and other carbon atoms allows it to form a vast array of hydrocarbons and organic compounds.

A molecule is the smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound.

Cane sugar is the common name for sucrose, a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose.

A micron (micrometer) is 10^-6 meters. Since 1 mm is 10^-3 meters, 1 micron is 0.001 mm.

Invertase is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose (cane sugar) into glucose and fructose.

The non-luminous zone of a gas flame is the outermost part where complete combustion occurs, making it the hottest region.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that are almost exclusively proteins, which are polymers composed of amino acids.