Computer Fundamentals

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was developed by Microsoft for IBM-compatible personal computers.

Chkdsk (Check Disk) is the standard command-line utility in DOS and Windows used to verify the file system integrity and repair logical file system errors.

Correct answer is (3). 

Config.sys is a system configuration file in DOS that loads device drivers and sets system parameters, effectively acting as a device manager during boot.

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is the technology used to convert images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-encoded text.

A flatbed scanner is an input device used to digitize documents or images. It is not used for biometric authentication, unlike voice, fingerprint, or retina scanners.

C is a procedural, low-level programming language that does not have built-in GUI libraries. Visual C++, Visual Java, and C# are designed for GUI development.

A mouse, trackball, and joystick are all pointing devices used to control a cursor. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) is a character recognition technology used primarily in banking.

The operating system acts as an intermediary layer between the user and the computer hardware. It manages resources and provides a platform for software to run.

Wallpaper, icons, and the taskbar are standard components of a desktop environment. A screen saver is a utility that activates after a period of inactivity, not a permanent part of the desktop interface.

Printers are categorized into two main types: impact printers (like dot matrix and line printers that strike the paper) and non-impact printers (like inkjet and laser printers that don't strike). This classification is based on whether the printing mechanism makes physical contact with paper.

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. It serves as the base for the computer's internal operations.

The CPU has two main parts: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that performs calculations and logical operations, and the Control Unit (CU) that directs operations and manages data flow. While modern CPUs have additional components like registers and cache, the fundamental two-part model (ALU + CU) is the basic textbook classification.

 Input is supplied by I/O devices.

Access time in computer storage is the total time required by a disk drive to locate and retrieve requested data, which includes both seek time and rotational latency time. Therefore, the comprehensive metric encompassing platter, track, and sector detection is access time.

Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. This allows the system to execute multiple processes simultaneously.

The basic computer processing cycle consists of three stages: Input, Processing, and Output (IPO model).

HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.

A palmtop is a handheld computer, which is significantly smaller than a laptop, microcomputer, or mainframe.

VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integration. This technology allows thousands of transistors to be integrated onto a single silicon chip to create microprocessors.

Computers are machines that process data based on instructions. They lack human characteristics such as emotions, intuition, or feelings.

Windows 3.1 was not a standalone operating system - it was a graphical operating environment that ran on top of MS-DOS. You had to boot DOS first, then run Windows 3.1. Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows (the brand in general) are true standalone operating systems that boot independently.

The main components of a computer system are the input unit, output unit, and CPU (which includes memory). Data is the information processed by the computer, not a physical component of the architecture.

Digital computers work with discrete (discontinuous) data represented as binary digits (0s and 1s), whereas analog computers work with continuous physical quantities.

A query is a database object used to retrieve, filter, and manipulate data from one or more tables based on specific criteria.

Windows 2000 was built on the Windows NT technology platform, specifically evolving from the Windows NT 4.0 codebase.

A palmtop is a handheld device, which is the smallest category listed compared to microcomputers, mainframes, and laptops.

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer design for business and government use to be produced commercially in the United States.

Assembly language uses mnemonics (short codes like MOV, ADD, SUB) to represent machine-level instructions, making it easier for humans to read than pure binary machine code.

WWW stands for World Wide Web, which is an information system where documents and other web resources are identified by URLs.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.

Memory is broadly categorized into two types: Primary memory (RAM/ROM) and Secondary memory (storage devices like HDDs/SSDs).

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.

The Internet is a global network of networks, which is classified as a Wide Area Network (WAN) because it spans large geographical distances.

Surfing is the common term used for navigating or browsing through various web pages on the Internet. Downloading and uploading refer to data transfer processes.

E-mail (Electronic mail) is the standard service used for sending and receiving text messages and files across the Internet.

Uploading is the process of sending data from a local computer to a remote system. Downloading is the reverse process, where data is retrieved from a remote system.

An email address consists of a username and a domain name, separated by the @ symbol. The part after the @ is the domain name.

Usenet is a distributed discussion system that allows users to post and read messages in newsgroups based on common interests.

Windows 95 was primarily a single-user operating system. While it supported multitasking and GUI, it lacked the robust multi-user security features found in systems like Windows NT.

QNX is a commercial Unix-like real-time operating system, designed primarily for embedded systems where timing is critical.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.

Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection.

Mail servers are specialized servers that handle the sending, receiving, and storage of email messages for users.

Option 1 is correct.