GK (Modern European History)

The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, took place in October 1813 and resulted in a major defeat for Napoleon.

The Congress of Vienna, which established the peace settlement after the Napoleonic Wars, took place from September 1814 to June 1815.

The year 1789 marks the beginning of the French Revolution with the storming of the Bastille.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded the secret societies Young Italy and Young Europe to promote Italian unification.

The Civil Code of 1804, which standardized laws and abolished privileges based on birth, is widely known as the Napoleonic Code.

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbon dynasty to the French throne.

The Treaty of Constantinople, signed in 1832, officially recognized Greece as an independent nation after its war of independence against the Ottoman Empire.

Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804.

The proclamation of the German Empire took place in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in 1871.

King Victor Emmanuel II was the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont and later became the first king of a unified Italy.

The Act of Union in 1801 formally incorporated Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in 1871 at Versailles.

Louis XVI ascended the French throne in 1774, succeeding his grandfather Louis XV.

The Act of Union 1707 was a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. These acts united the two kingdoms into a single kingdom called Great Britain.

The term Old Regime (Ancien Regime) refers to the social and political system of France under the kingdom of France from the late Middle Ages until the French Revolution of 1789.

The concept of the modern nation state in Europe largely emerged and consolidated during the 19th century, following the rise of nationalism and the unification movements in countries like Germany and Italy.

A subsistence crisis is an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. In 18th-century France, this was caused by bad harvests, rising food prices, and population growth.

Two Treatises of Government is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke.

Taille was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in the Ancien Regime of France.

La Marseillaise was written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars.

The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.

The Social Contract is a 1762 book in which Jean-Jacques Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community.