Sangam Age - 1

Sage Agastya is traditionally credited with spreading Vedic/Aryan culture and the Sanskrit language into South India.

Virakals (Hero stones) were memorial stones erected to honor warriors who died in battle, a common practice in ancient Tamil society.

In Sangam literature, the Marudam landscape (agricultural land) is associated with the Vellalar caste, who were primarily farmers.

The Chola dynasty used the tiger as their royal emblem, while the Cheras used the bow and the Pandyas used the fish.

In the epic Silappadikaram, the Pandya King Nedunjeliyan is the one who wrongly orders the execution of Kovalan.

Manimegalai is considered a sequel to Silappadikaram, focusing on the life of Manimegalai, the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi.

Silappadikaram is the ancient Tamil epic that narrates the tragic story of Kovalan and his wife Kannagi.

In the administrative hierarchy of the Sangam Age, the 'Ur' was the smallest unit, representing a village or settlement. Larger divisions included the Nadu, Kottam, and Mandalam.

The Kurinji region is the mountainous landscape in Sangam literature, where the primary occupations were hunting and food gathering. Other regions like Mullai (pastoral) and Marutam (agricultural) had different primary activities.

Senguttuvan, a famous Chera king, is celebrated in the Silappadikaram and is known as the Red Chera or Righteous Kuttuva for his military exploits and piety.

The Padirrupattu is a collection of poems dedicated to Chera kings. The 6th decade specifically praises Perunjeral Adan.

Mandaranjeral Irumporai is historically identified in Sangam texts as the prince associated with the title Sey of the Elephant look.

Kuttuvan is noted in historical accounts as a warrior who transitioned from traditional tribal worship of Korravai to the adoption of Brahmanical practices.

Senguttuvan is credited with establishing the Pattini Cult, which involves the worship of Kannagi as the ideal chaste wife, as depicted in the Silappadikaram.

In the Sangam military organization, the title Enadi was conferred upon military commanders by the king.

Devavrinda refers to the specific pantheon of deities worshipped during the Sangam period, which included Murugan, Krishna, Siva, Indra, and Balarama.

The administrative hierarchy generally progressed from the smallest unit (Ur) to the largest (Mandalam). Option B correctly identifies this sequence: Ur, Kottam, Kurram, Nadu, Mandalam.

Tirukkural, written by Thiruvalluvar, is widely revered as the Bible of the Tamil land due to its profound ethical and moral teachings.

Karikala Chola is historically credited with clearing forests and encouraging agricultural settlement, which helped nomadic communities like the Oliyar transition to a settled life.

The Vellalas were the wealthy landowning class in Sangam society, often holding significant civil and military positions.

Historical evidence, including the Peutinger Table, suggests that a temple dedicated to Augustus existed at the port of Muziris, reflecting the active trade between Rome and the Chera kingdom.

Karikala is widely considered the most significant early Chola ruler, famous for his military victories and the construction of the Kallanai dam.

Uraiyur was a major capital of the Cholas and was renowned in ancient times for its high-quality cotton textile production.

The Padirrupattu is a poetic work that provides detailed genealogical information about the Chera kings, making it a primary source for their history.