Gandhian Studies

Mahatma Gandhi was famously thrown off a train at the Pietermaritzburg railway station in South Africa in 1893 due to racial discrimination.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, India.

Gandhi first adopted the methodology of satyagraha in 1906 during the protest against the Asiatic Registration Act in the Transvaal, South Africa.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931, between Mahatma Gandhi and the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin. As part of the agreement, the British government agreed to release political prisoners who had not been convicted of violence. This pact also led to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Gandhi traveled to South Africa in 1893 to serve as a legal representative for a merchant firm named Dada Abdulla and Co. Although he initially intended to stay for only a year to handle the case, his experiences with racial discrimination led him to stay for over two decades. This period was crucial in developing his philosophy of non-violent resistance.

The tricolor flag of India was unfurled by Jawaharlal Nehru on the banks of the Ravi River in Lahore at midnight on December 31, 1929. This event followed the adoption of the Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) resolution by the Indian National Congress. It marked a significant escalation in the demand for total freedom from British rule.

Mahatma Gandhi traveled to London in 1888 to pursue a degree in law at University College London. He trained as a barrister at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1891. His time in England exposed him to Western culture and various philosophical influences before his return to India.

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi's first major movement in India, where he fought for the rights of indigo farmers. It was during this agitation that the local people and leaders began addressing him with the respectful titles of Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul). While Rabindranath Tagore is often credited with the title Mahatma, its popular usage flourished here.

Following the Purna Swaraj resolution in December 1929, the Indian National Congress declared January 26, 1930, as the first Independence Day. This date was celebrated across the country with the unfurling of the national flag and pledges of resistance. This historical significance led to January 26 being chosen as Republic Day in 1950.

Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha with the Dandi March, which began on March 12, 1930. The march was a direct action campaign against the British salt monopoly and a key part of the Civil Disobedience Movement. He reached the coastal village of Dandi and broke the law by producing salt on April 6, 1930.

In 1893, shortly after arriving in South Africa, Gandhi was ordered by a magistrate in a Durban court to remove his turban. He refused to comply, viewing the order as an insult to his national and personal identity, and walked out of the court. This incident was one of his first encounters with the systemic racism prevalent in the region.

The Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was a significant phase of the Indian independence struggle where Gandhi urged Indians to withdraw their support from the British government. This included boycotting foreign goods, government schools, and courts, as well as returning titles and honors. The movement aimed to achieve self-governance (Swaraj) through non-violent means.

Gandhi first adopted the methodology of Satyagraha (truth-force) in 1906 in Johannesburg, South Africa. He organized a mass meeting at the Empire Theatre to protest against the Asiatic Registration Act, which required Indians to register and carry passes. This marked the birth of his signature technique of non-violent resistance.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and served as Gandhi's political mentor. Upon Gandhi's return to India in 1915, Gokhale advised him to travel across the country for a year to understand the social and political landscape. Gandhi deeply respected Gokhale's moderate approach and commitment to social reform.

Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1894 to advocate for the rights of Indians in South Africa. The organization was established to provide a unified political voice against discriminatory laws, such as the disenfranchisement of Indian voters. It served as a model for his later political organizing in India.

Mahatma Gandhi is officially honored as the Father of the Nation in India due to his leadership in the struggle for independence. This title was first used by Subhas Chandra Bose in a radio address from Singapore in 1944. It reflects the deep respect and central role Gandhi played in shaping modern India.

It is widely recorded that Gandhi's last words after being shot by Nathuram Godse were "Hey Ram" (Oh God). This utterance reflected his lifelong devotion to God and his spiritual practice. The words are inscribed on his memorial at Raj Ghat in New Delhi.

Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, by Nathuram Godse at Birla House in New Delhi. He was attending a prayer meeting when he was shot at close range. This day is observed in India as Martyrs' Day to honor his sacrifice and the sacrifices of others for the nation.

Gandhi launched his final fast-unto-death in Delhi on January 13, 1948, to appeal for communal harmony and the protection of Muslims during the post-partition violence. He ended the fast five days later after receiving a written pledge from leaders of various communities to maintain peace. This was his last major act of non-violent intervention before his death.

The Quit India Movement, launched in August 1942, was the most definitive and widespread revolt against British rule. Gandhi gave the famous slogan "Do or Die," demanding an immediate British withdrawal from India. It resulted in the mass arrest of the entire Congress leadership but solidified the national resolve for independence.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, addressed the nation via radio on the evening of Gandhi's assassination. He famously began his speech with the words, "The light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere." He urged the nation to stay calm and follow the path of peace that Gandhi had taught.

Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack in 1944 while he was imprisoned at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. Due to his deteriorating health and the recent death of his wife Kasturba, the British government released him unconditionally on May 6, 1944. This release was intended to avoid the political fallout of him dying in custody.

Nathuram Godse was the individual who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948. Godse was a Hindu nationalist who disagreed with Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and his perceived favoritism toward Muslims during the partition. He was later tried and executed for the crime.

The Aga Khan Palace is located in Pune, Maharashtra. It served as a prison for Gandhi, Kasturba Gandhi, and Mahadev Desai from 1942 to 1944 following the launch of the Quit India Movement. Today, it is a national memorial and houses a museum dedicated to Gandhi's life.

Subhas Chandra Bose resigned from the presidency of the Indian National Congress in 1939 after a conflict with Gandhi and other senior leaders. The 'Old Guard' of the party resigned from the Working Committee to protest Bose's radical stance, which they felt abandoned Gandhian principles. Bose subsequently left the Congress to form the Forward Bloc.