Indian Constitution

According to Article 326 of the Indian Constitution and Rule 198 of Lok Sabha Rules, a No-Confidence Motion requires support from at least 50 members to be introduced. One-third of members (currently ~183) would be the majority needed to PASS it, not introduce it. 100 and 60 are incorrect figures.

According to Article 65(2) of the Indian Constitution, if both President and Vice-President offices are vacant, the Chief Justice of India acts as President. This is a temporary arrangement until a new President is elected. The Prime Minister has no constitutional provision to take over presidential duties. The Speaker has no role in this.

Until the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019, Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state that had its own separate constitution. This constitution governed the state's internal administration and legal framework separately from the rest of India.

According to Article 84 of the Indian Constitution, a person must be at least 25 years old to be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha. For the Rajya Sabha, the minimum age requirement is higher, at 30 years.

The 7th Amendment Act of 1956 was enacted to implement the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission. It led to the reorganization of India into 14 states and 6 union territories, primarily based on linguistic boundaries.

The 52nd Amendment Act of 1985 introduced the Anti-defection law to prevent political instability caused by legislators changing parties. It added the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, which outlines the conditions for disqualification of members.

The Advocate General is the highest law officer in a state, appointed by the Governor under Article 165. Their primary responsibility is to provide legal advice to the state government and represent the state in legal proceedings.

According to Article 67 of the Indian Constitution, the Vice President holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. This term is consistent with that of the President of India.

 The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.

The President of India appoints the judges of the Supreme Court under Article 124 and the judges of the High Courts under Article 217. While the President consults the Chief Justice and other officials, the formal power of appointment rests with the President.

Under Article 331, the President could nominate 2 members of the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha if they were not adequately represented. Note that this provision was discontinued by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019, but 2 remains the historical answer for this question.

While the Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution, its individual members are elected for a term of six years. One-third of the members retire every second year to ensure continuity.

Article 60 of the Constitution specifies that the oath of office to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India. In the absence of the CJI, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court performs this duty.

Article 80 of the Constitution fixes the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha at 250 members. This includes 238 members representing the States and Union Territories, and 12 members nominated by the President.

Under Article 312, if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution supported by two-thirds of members present and voting, the Parliament may by law provide for the creation of one or more all-India services. Thus, the ultimate power to create the service lies with the Parliament.

The Indian Constitution follows the Canadian model where residuary powers (powers not mentioned in any of the three lists) are vested in the Union government. In contrast, the US and Australian constitutions vest residuary powers in the states.

Article 280 of the Constitution mandates that the President of India must constitute a Finance Commission every five years or at such earlier time as he considers necessary. The commission recommends the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the States.

The Finance Commission is a constitutional body constituted by the President of India every five years under Article 280. Its primary role is to define the financial relations between the central government and the individual state governments.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 amended Article 74 to explicitly state that the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers. The 44th Amendment later added that the President could ask for reconsideration once, but must follow the subsequent advice.

The concept of a federation with a strong center was borrowed from the Canadian Constitution. While the US is also a federation, the Indian model of 'quasi-federalism' aligns more closely with the Canadian system.

The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a parliamentary committee that examines the audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG). It submits its findings and reports to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment Provided that nothing in this sub clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub clause (b) of clause ( 7 ); or such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub clauses (a) and (b) of clause ( 7 )