Reproduction in Plants - 1 (Asexual and Vegetative P...

Bryophyllum reproduces vegetatively through epiphyllous buds that grow along the leaf margins. When these leaves fall on soil, each bud can develop into a new plantlet, making the leaf the primary organ for propagation. Stem, root, and seed are not involved in this specific vegetative process.

Jasmine is commonly propagated through layering, where a stem is bent and covered with soil while still attached to the parent plant. Roots develop at the buried section, and the new plant can then be separated. Potato and sweet potato propagate through tubers, while guava is typically grown from seeds or cuttings.

The ovary is the swollen basal part of the pistil that contains ovules, which are the future seeds. After fertilization, the ovary develops into the fruit while the ovules become seeds. The stigma receives pollen, the style is the pollen tube pathway, and anther lobes produce pollen - none contain ovules.

Vegetative propagation produces clones genetically identical to the parent plant since it involves only mitosis, not meiosis or fertilization. This asexual reproduction preserves exact genetic makeup across generations. Unlike sexual reproduction, there's no genetic recombination or variation.

Disease-free plants can be produced by tissue culture. In this technique, we can take few healthy cells and selectively multiply them to form new plants under sterile and aseptic conditions. But, in grafting or layering or cutting, the chances of having diseased plants are there because the cells cannot be selectively chosen in these and at any time, the pathogens may attack them.

Vegetative propagation in bryophyllum occurs through leaves. 

Buds grow on the parent body and gradually form a new individual. Hence, (3), i.e. budding, is correct. In fission and regeneration, new individuals separate out and there is no parent organism. In spore formation, spores develop on the parent body but they form new individuals after they fall on suitable substratum away from the parent body.

Vegetative propagation means formation of new plants from vegetative parts.

The process of formation of seeds without fertilisation is known as apomixis.

Statement (a) is correct. A single parent is involved. Statement (b) is wrong. It does not involve formation and fusion of gametes. Statement (c) is wrong. It involves only mitotic divisions. Statement (d) is correct. All individuals produced are genetically identical, i.e. clone.

We know that apple, pear and peach have seeds. It is only banana that is seedless and has lost the capacity to produce seeds. In case of apple, the ability to produce seeds is there but they may not be viable.