GK (Constitution of India)

Under Article 164(4) of the Indian Constitution, a Minister who is not a member of the State Legislature must become a member within six months of their appointment. If they fail to get elected to either house within this period, they must cease to be a Minister.

Article 84 of the Constitution mandates 30 years as the minimum age for Rajya Sabha membership. This is higher than the 25 years required for Lok Sabha, reflecting the Rajya Sabha's role as a house of elders with federal representation.

Article 67 establishes that the Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of both elected and nominated members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. State legislatures do not participate in VP elections, unlike presidential elections.

Statement (i) is correct as the VP is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha per Article 64. Statement (iv) is correct as Article 65 allows the VP to officiate as President for up to 6 months. Statements (ii) and (iii) are incorrect: the VP need not be a Rajya Sabha member, and is elected only by Parliament (not state legislatures).

The Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Constitution. They provide guidelines for governance and are non-justiciable, unlike Fundamental Rights which are in Part III.

Article 64 of the Constitution designates the Vice-President of India as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The VP presides over Rajya Sabha proceedings and maintains order during debates.

Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a 'Union of States,' not a federation. The Constituent Assembly deliberately avoided the term 'federation' as it implied a compact among sovereign states, whereas India's Union is indestructible.

Article 83(2) of the Constitution specifies that state legislative assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas) have a term of five years, similar to Lok Sabha. This term can be extended during emergencies under Article 352.

Option C is correct because Directive Principles cannot override Fundamental Rights - if a law implementing a DPSP violates FRs, it can be struck down. This establishes the constitutional hierarchy where FRs have primacy. Options A, B, and D correctly describe DPSP characteristics.

Under Article 249, Parliament can legislate on State List matters if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by 2/3 majority. This resolution is valid for one year and can be extended, used for implementing international agreements or national treaties.

The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, but came into force on January 26, 1950. January 26 was chosen as it was Purna Swaraj Day in 1930, symbolizing the fulfillment of the independence宣言.

Under Article 109, Rajya Sabha can only delay a Money Bill for 14 days maximum. It cannot reject or amend Money Bills - it can only make recommendations which Lok Sabha may accept or reject. This preserves Lok Sabha's supremacy in financial matters.

Dr. Radhakrishnan, Dr. Zakir Hussain, and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy all served as Vice-President before becoming President. R. Venkataraman is the exception - he was never Vice-President, having served as Finance Minister and Defence Minister before being elected President directly.

The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and elected members of Legislative Assemblies of all states. Nominated members to Parliament or state legislatures do NOT vote in Presidential elections. The election is conducted by proportional representation using the single transferable vote method.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 institutionalized the three-tier Panchayati Raj system throughout India. This consists of Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti or Block Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.

The Attorney General of India is the only non-member who can participate in proceedings of either House of Parliament without voting rights. Under Article 76, the Attorney General has the right to speak in both Houses and their committees, but cannot vote. Other options like the Vice-President (Rajya Sabha Chair) and Chief Justice cannot participate as non-members.

The President can only be removed through impeachment, which is a quasi-judicial process detailed in Article 61. It requires a signed accusation (by at least 1/4 of members) and a 2/3 majority in both Houses. The Prime Minister, Vice-President, or Chief Justice have no direct role in removing the President.

Under Article 156, the Governor is appointed by the President and holds office during the pleasure of the President. The Governor acts as the constitutional head of the state and represents the Central government at the state level. The Prime Minister has no direct role in gubernatorial appointments.

Under Articles 32 and 226, both the Supreme Court and High Courts have jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental Rights. Article 32 gives the Supreme Court the power to issue writs for Fundamental Rights violations, while Article 226 gives High Courts even broader powers to issue writs not just for Fundamental Rights but for any legal right violation.

 Chief Justice of India administers the oath of office to the President of India.

 The judge of a High Court can hold office up to the age of 62 years.

Under Article 368, Constitutional amendments can be initiated in either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha). The amendment must be passed by a special majority (2/3 of members present and voting + majority of total membership) in each House separately. State legislatures only vote on some amendments (those affecting federal provisions).

Opion (2) is correct: 72^nd constitutional amendment gives a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. 

Option (2) is correct: One-tenth of the total membership of the Houses must be present to hold the meeting of the Lok Sabha.

The classification of governments as unitary or federal depends on the relationship between the center and states. In a unitary system, power is concentrated at the center with states deriving authority from it. In a federal system, power is constitutionally divided between center and states, each sphere being coordinate and independent within its sphere.