GK (Science)

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) proposed the absolute temperature scale where 0 K equals -273.15°C (rounded to -273°C). He developed the concept of absolute zero based on theoretical work on thermodynamics. Louis Pasteur worked in microbiology, Fahrenheit developed the mercury thermometer scale, and Boyle worked on gas laws.

Albert Einstein propounded both the Special Theory (1905) and General Theory (1915) of Relativity, revolutionizing our understanding of space, time, and gravity. C.V. Raman discovered the Raman Effect in physics, Charles Darwin proposed evolution through natural selection, and Herbert Spencer was a social philosopher.

Seeds remain viable longest in cool and dry conditions because low temperatures slow metabolic processes and respiration, while dryness prevents premature germination and microbial growth. Hot or wet conditions accelerate deterioration and promote rot or early sprouting.

Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, developing theories about the unconscious mind, dream interpretation, and psychoanalytic therapy. Note the typos: 'Russel' should be 'Russell', 'Max-weber' should be 'Max Weber', and 'Kari Marx' should be 'Karl Marx'. Bertrand Russell was a philosopher, Max Weber a sociologist, and Karl Marx an economist.

Bajra (pearl millet) is a drought-resistant crop that requires minimal rainfall, making it ideal for dry farming conditions in arid regions of India. Cotton requires significant water, while wheat and paddy need substantial irrigation and are not typical dry farming crops.

Elephants have the longest gestation period among land mammals, approximately 22 months (nearly 2 years). Cows gestate for about 9 months, pigs for roughly 4 months, and horses for around 11 months. This extended pregnancy allows for proper development of the elephant's large brain and body.

Nicotine is the primary addictive and toxic alkaloid present in tobacco leaves, constituting approximately 0.6-3.0% of dry tobacco weight. Reserpine is an anti-hypertensive drug from Rauwolfia, aspirin is from willow bark, and morphine is an opioid from poppy plants - none are constituents of tobacco.

Milling removes the outer bran and germ layers of grains, which actually DECREASES calcium content along with other nutrients like fiber, iron, and B vitamins. The statement that milling increases calcium content is factually incorrect, making it the answer to 'which statement is not correct.' Parboiling, malting, and sprouting do preserve or increase nutrients as stated.

Barley, pea, wheat, potato is the correct sequence for soil fertility. Barley is a cereal that doesn't deplete soil heavily. Pea (a legume) fixes atmospheric nitrogen through rhizobium bacteria, enriching the soil. Wheat can then use this nitrogen, and potato is a heavy feeder that benefits from the improved soil. Other sequences don't optimize this nitrogen contribution.

Leguminous plants have symbiotic relationships with Rhizobium bacteria in their root nodules, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that plants can use. This nitrogen fixation reduces dependence on external fertilizers and improves soil nitrogen content for subsequent crops. The other options (short life, disease resistance, low water needs) are not universal characteristics of legumes.

Loam soil, which is a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay, provides ideal conditions for wheat cultivation. It offers good drainage, adequate water retention, proper aeration, and easy root penetration. Gravel is too coarse, sandy soil doesn't retain enough water or nutrients, and sandy loam is acceptable but not as optimal as true loam for wheat.

Maize (corn) is the most widely used and popular fodder for poultry due to its high energy content, good palatability, excellent digestibility, and low fiber content. It forms the base of most poultry feed formulations. Bajra and wheat are also used but less commonly, while barley is less preferred due to lower digestibility and potential digestive issues.

Sugar syrup creates a hypertonic environment around preserved fruits. This high osmotic pressure draws out moisture from microbial cells and fruit tissues alike, inhibiting the growth and reproduction of micro-organisms that cause spoilage.

Molasses, the thick dark syrup by-product of sugar refining, is rich in fermentable sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose). This makes it the primary feedstock for industrial alcohol and ethanol production through fermentation. It is not used for perfumes, plastics, or soap manufacturing, which require different chemical precursors.

In Punjab, sugarcane is planted during March-April (spring season) for the annual crop. This allows the crop to utilize the monsoon rains for critical growth phases and be ready for harvest in the following winter. October-February plantings are not practiced as they would expose young cane to extreme temperatures and suboptimal growing conditions.

Grain moisture is the critical factor for pest growth in stored grains, as most storage insects require specific moisture levels for reproduction and development. While temperature also affects pest activity (higher temperatures increase metabolism), moisture is the primary limiting factor - even at optimal temperatures, pests cannot thrive in very dry grain. Adequate moisture enables fungal growth, which further facilitates pest infestation.

Wheat is indeed susceptible to both mosaic and smut diseases, among others. Mosaic causes mottled patterns on leaves, while smut produces black masses of spores in the grain heads.

Kharif crops are sown at the onset of monsoon season. June-July marks the beginning of monsoon rains in most Indian regions, making this the ideal sowing time for kharif crops.

Breeding plants with their wild relatives is a traditional and effective method used in crop improvement to introduce disease-resistance genes into cultivated varieties. Wild relatives often possess robust natural immunity and resistance traits lost during domestication.

Ranikhet disease (Newcastle disease) is a viral disease that primarily affects poultry/chickens. It causes respiratory distress and neurological symptoms and is highly contagious among birds.

Mixed farming combines crop cultivation with animal husbandry (livestock rearing). This integrated approach optimizes land use - crops provide feed for animals, and animal waste fertilizes crops.

Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen in 1766. He isolated the gas by reacting metals with acids and called it 'inflammable air'. Later, Lavoisier named it hydrogen.

John Logie Baird is credited with inventing the first working television in the 1920s. He demonstrated the first mechanical TV system in 1926, though electronic TV was later developed by others.

Pulse crops (legumes like beans, peas) have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. They convert atmospheric nitrogen into soil nitrogen, naturally replenishing nitrogen-deficient soil.