Commerce and Management

Prime Cost is defined as the sum of direct materials cost and direct labour cost. This is a standard cost accounting concept. Factory Cost includes additional overheads, Overhead Cost refers to indirect costs, and Value of Stock refers to inventory valuation.

Market factors include multiple dimensions: the Product market (what you sell), Consumer market (who buys), Size of order (volume), and Area of market (geography). Since all these are market factors, 'All of these' is correct.

The classic 4Ps of marketing mix are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Method is not one of the 4Ps, making it the correct answer for 'not an element'.

Stock dividend is the distribution of additional shares to existing shareholders, commonly called a 'Bonus share'. Inventory refers to goods held for sale, Fund is general capital, Profit is earnings - none specifically mean stock dividend.

Gordon's Model is a well known dividend capitalization model in financial economics that relates a firm's stock price to its dividend policy and growth rate.

Financial leverage occurs when a firm uses borrowed funds (debt) to finance its operations or investments. The use of debt magnifies potential returns but also increases risk. Options B, C, and D describe different scenarios (financing others, mergers, dissolution) but not leverage.

Short-term working capital sources include Trade credit (buying now, paying later), Credit papers (commercial paper), and Bank credit (short-term loans). Loans typically refer to long-term borrowing, making it the correct answer as NOT a short-term source.

Industrial Relations is a broad field encompassing all aspects of the employer-employee relationship. Job Redesigning, Wages Administration, and Trade Unions are all key components of industrial relations, making 'All of these' the correct comprehensive answer.

On-the-job training refers to methods where employees learn while performing their actual work tasks. Distance education, Mobile teachers, and Non-formal education can all be used to deliver on-the-job training, as the key criterion is learning during work, not the specific delivery method.

The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act is a key labor legislation in India that was enacted in 1946. It requires employers to define standing orders (rules of conduct) clearly and formally. This Act preceded India's independence and has been amended several times since.

Training programs aim to achieve multiple organizational objectives simultaneously. They help employees accept changes more positively (favorable reaction), directly improve output per worker (increased productivity), and boost job satisfaction and motivation (increased morale). Therefore, all are valid training objectives.

Organizational elements of job design focus on how work is structured within the firm to achieve optimal performance. Efficiency is a core organizational concern - designing jobs to maximize output while minimizing waste. Techniques and Approach are methods, while Firm is the entity - Efficiency is the actual objective.

The Tripartite Committee on Fair Wages was appointed in 1948 to examine and recommend fair wage principles in India. This committee was formed shortly after independence to address wage-related issues and contributed to the evolution of wage policy in the country.

The contribution approach to pricing is based on the incremental cost principle, which states that pricing decisions should consider only the additional (incremental) costs incurred from producing one more unit. This approach focuses on contribution margin rather than full cost allocation.

SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) are international reserve assets created by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) to supplement member countries' official reserves. They are not issued by any national central bank like RBI, SBI, or development institutions like IFC or UTI.

Departmental stores are retail establishments organized into separate departments, each offering different product categories. Their fundamental purpose is to provide a convenient, organized shopping experience where consumers can find diverse products in one location, making them easily accessible to consumers.

The Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established in 1964 as India's first mutual fund and financial institution. It played a pioneering role in developing the capital markets and savings culture in India. UTI was created under the UTI Act, 1963 and began operations in 1964.

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) is a permanent intergovernmental body established within the United Nations (UNO) in 1964. It deals with trade, investment, and development issues. While it cooperates with World Bank, IMF, and GATT, it is structurally part of the UN system.

Schedule 2 of the Banking Companies Act deals with various types of reserves that banks must maintain. Capital Reserve, Share Premium, and Revenue Reserve are all types of reserves that fall under this schedule, making 'All of these' the correct answer.

NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) was established on July 12, 1982, by an Act of Parliament. It was set up to promote sustainable agriculture and rural development. 1982 is the historically correct date.

The Banking Companies Act was indeed introduced in 1949. This was a landmark legislation that governed banking companies in India post-independence. It established the regulatory framework for banking operations in the country.

The Reserve Bank of India Act was passed on March 6, 1934. This Act established the RBI as India's central bank and came into force on April 1, 1935. The date March 6, 1934 is historically accurate.

The Bank of Genoa (Banca di San Giorgio) was established in 1407 in Genoa, Italy. It is considered one of the earliest banks in history and was a powerful financial institution in the medieval period.