Indian History and Indian National Movement

Tansen (1506-1589) was one of the nine gems (Navaratnas) in Emperor Akbar's court and was a legendary musician. He is credited with creating the Raga Darbari Kanth. Options A, C, and D are incorrect - Amir Khusro was in court of earlier rulers, Ramdas was a saint, and Abul Fazl was a historian in Akbar's court (not a musician).

Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart) is a Sanskrit play written by Sudraka (also spelled Shudraka). It is a ten-act prakarana (type of drama) about a courtesan Vasanthasena and a Brahmin merchant Charudatta. Options A, B, and D are incorrect - Varahamihira was an astronomer, Visakhadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa, and Bilhana wrote Vikramankadevacharita.

The Kakori Conspiracy (1925) was a train robbery action by Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. Ram Prasad Bismil (spelled 'Bismal' in the question, likely typo) was a key organizer. Options B, C, and D are incorrect - Jatin Das participated in other revolutionary activities, Surya Sen led Chittagong armory raid, and Phadke was an earlier revolutionary.

The Hartog Committee (1929) investigated the growth of education in British India. The name in option B appears to be 'Hurtog' which is likely a misspelling of 'Hartog'. Options A, C, and D are incorrect - Butler Committee dealt with princely states, Muddiman Committee with constitutional reforms, and Hunter Commission was earlier (1882).

The Chandella dynasty (9th-13th century) built the famous rock-cut temples at Khajuraho, known for their intricate sculptures and architectural grandeur. Options B, C, and D are incorrect - Cholas built in Tamil Nadu (Brihadeeswarar), Rashtrakutas at Ellora (Kailasa temple), and Chalukyas at Badami and Pattadakal.

Dadabhai Naoroji served as President of the Indian National Congress three times: in 1886, 1893, and 1906. He was a prominent leader and the first to expose the economic drain of India by the British.

The ancient Persians were the first to refer to the river Sindhu as 'Hindu' because their language did not have the 's' sound, so they replaced it with 'h'. This term later evolved into 'Hindu' and 'India'.

The Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan civilization) is renowned for its advanced urban planning with grid-based street layouts, sophisticated drainage systems, and standardized baked brick construction. Vedic civilization was primarily rural with no major cities.

The Muddiman Committee (1924) was formed to review the working of the diarchal system established by the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919. The committee examined whether the reforms were working as intended in Indian provinces.

Archaeological evidence from Indus Valley sites shows numerous female figurines depicting the Mother Goddess, indicating she was a principal deity. Gods like Indra, Agni, and Vishnu became prominent later in the Vedic period.

According to the widely accepted theory, the Aryans migrated from the Central Asian steppes (around the Caspian Sea region) into India around 1500-2000 BCE. This is supported by linguistic and archaeological evidence.

The Aryans first settled in the Punjab region (land of five rivers) around 1500 BCE. This area, known as Sapta Sindhu in Vedic texts, provided fertile land for their agricultural and pastoral practices.

Early Vedic texts extensively document nature worship. The Aryans revered sacred trees like the Peepal and Banyan, animals like cows and horses, and natural elements. This nature-centric worship is well-documented in the Rigveda.

Varuna was a major deity in early Vedic religion, worshipped as the god of cosmic order (Rta), water, and moral law. He was one of the most important Adityas in the Rigveda. Mother Goddess was associated with Indus Valley, Shiva emerged later as Rudra.

Alexander invaded India in 326 BC, crossing the Indus river and fighting the famous Battle of Hydaspes against King Porus. This invasion occurred during his campaign to conquer the Persian Empire's easternmost territories.

The Ramayana and Mahabharata reached their final form during the Later Vedic period (c. 1000-600 BCE). While their oral traditions may be older, they were compiled and composed in this period, reflecting the social and cultural changes of that era.

Vaishali was an important republic (ganarajya) during the 7th-6th centuries BCE. It was the capital of the Vajji Confederacy and is significant as the birthplace of Mahavira (Jainism) and where Buddha preached his last sermon.

The Battle of Karri (also known as the Battle of Hydaspes) was fought on the banks of the Jhelum River (called Hydaspes in ancient times) between Alexander the Great and King Porus in 326 BC. The Jhelum is a major tributary of the Indus River in present-day Pakistan.

When Alexander invaded India in 326 BC, the Nanda dynasty was ruling the Gangetic plains. The Mauryan dynasty was founded later by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC, after Alexander's death, while the Guptas and Hunas ruled in much later periods.

The Battle of Karri (Hydaspes) was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and the local king Porus (Paurava). Porus ruled the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. Alexander's victory over Porus was one of his most difficult battles.

Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire in 322 BC after exploiting the power vacuum left by Alexander's departure from northwest India. He defeated the Nanda dynasty and established one of India's greatest empires with the help of his advisor Chanakya (Kautilya).

Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) was the capital city of the Mauryan Empire. It was a major urban center located on the southern bank of the Ganges River. Chandragupta Maurya established it as his capital, and it remained important throughout the Mauryan period under Ashoka and later rulers.

After Alexander defeated Porus at the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BC, he was so impressed by Porus's bravery that he asked him how he should be treated. Porus replied 'As a King treats a King' (or 'like a king'). Alexander then restored Porus to his kingdom and made him an ally.

The Nanda dynasty ruled from their capital at Magadha (modern-day Bihar region). Magadha was a powerful kingdom in ancient India and served as the base for both the Nanda dynasty and later the Mauryan dynasty. The other options are associated with different regions and dynasties.