Computer Basics

Email uses encryption for security, dynamic (not static) keys for authentication, and requires Network Interface Cards for connectivity. Static keys are not a standard characteristic of email systems, as encryption typically uses dynamic or session-based keys.

Broadcast and point-to-point are standard transmission technologies. Narrowcast linking is not a recognized standard transmission technology term; the correct terminology is narrowcast (similar to broadcast but targeted to a specific audience), not narrowcast linking.

A complete PC system requires both hardware (physical components like CPU, memory, storage) and software (operating system and applications) to function. Input and output devices are hardware components, but not sufficient alone. A keyboard and printer are not mandatory.

Processing control procedures maintain data integrity by recording before and after images of transactions. This creates an audit trail that allows recovery in case of system failure or error detection. Access control and user authorization are security measures, not processing controls.

 Firewall is one of the best ways to protect your computer network.

Computerization aims to replace manual systems with automated ones. Focusing on manual records contradicts the purpose of computerization, which is to eliminate paper-based processes. Customer service and back-office integration are essential for successful computerization.

 CD-rROMS are OPTICAL DISK and are also referred as the optical storage device.

Client-server computing is particularly useful in networked multimedia applications where centralized servers manage resources and clients handle presentation. While it can be used in other contexts, network multimedia is a primary application domain.

Floppy disks are storage devices used for data storage and transfer. They are not random access memory (RAM) - they are secondary storage. While they can transfer data, their primary classification is as storage media.

Computers are characterized by speed, automation, and versatility - they can perform tasks quickly, operate automatically, and handle diverse applications. Intelligence is not a characteristic - computers follow programmed instructions without cognitive understanding.

A system comprises physical components (peripherals, electric supply) and their connections. A common goal is a purpose or objective, not a component part. The goal exists outside the system's physical structure.

The keyboard is the most widely used input device for entering text, commands, and data into computers. While other devices like mice and touchscreens are common, the keyboard remains essential for most computing tasks.

 The Third generation computers came in 1965 and lasted till 1971.

RAM is volatile memory - when power is lost, all stored data and instructions are erased. This is why unsaved work is lost during power outages. PC/XT systems used 8088 processors, not 80186 or 80286 as mentioned in option A.

Gateways enable networks to access resources on other systems, including mainframes. Routers strengthen signals, repeaters establish connections, and bridges optimize paths - but these functions are misstated. Gateways correctly provide cross-system resource access.

A remote concentrator collects data from multiple slow-speed peripheral devices and transmits it to central locations or different sites. This aggregates low-speed data streams for efficient transmission over communication channels.

A disk consists of multiple concentric tracks, and each track contains multiple sectors. The collection of sectors forms the complete disk structure. Cylinders are formed by tracks across multiple platters, not sectors.

DNS is a Domain Name System server that resolves domain names to IP addresses. File servers store and manage files for network users. Print servers manage print jobs and printer access across a network. All three are valid server types.

Automatic dial-up allows modems to connect automatically when needed. Attenuation and amplification manage signal strength during transmission. Dynamic equalization adjusts for varying line conditions. All three are desirable features for effective modem operation.

FTP i.e file transfer protocol, is used to transfer a file from node to node.

FTP works at OSI layer 7,  i.e. the Application layer.