Antifertility and Sweetening Agents

Neotame is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sugar. It was approved for use as a general-purpose sweetener by the FDA in 2002.

The degree of sweetening is given by the comparison of sweetening agent with sucrose. Cyclamate is 30 times sweeter than sugar.

P. Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste is like sugar. Its sweetness value is 600.
Q. Aspartame is a methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Its sweetness value is 100.
R. Acesulfame-K is a synthetic compound that acts as a synergist with other sweeteners. Its sweetness value is 200.

Norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone derivative most widely used as antifertility drug. The estrogen derivative,  which is used in combination with progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).

An artificial sweetener is a sugar substitute and chemically synthesized. These are added to some foods to make them taste sweet. For e.g.,  acesulfame-K, sucralose, alitame, saccharin, etc.
Xylitol is a white odourless crystalline powder that has been used as a sweetening agent in food for over 40 years. The substance occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables.
Sorbitol occurs naturally in various fruits and berries. First discovered in 1872, it is today commercially produced by the hydrogenation of glucose and is available in both liquid and crystalline form.
Since xylitol and sorbitol occur naturally, they represent natural sweetener agents.

Aspartame is a dipeptide. It is a compound of two amino acids joined together (aspartic acid and phenylalanine). Only a very small amounts are needed for sweetening purposes.
Ortho-sulphobenzimide, also called saccharin, is the first popular artificial sweetening agent.
Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose.

Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are like sugar. It is stable at cooking temperature. It does not provide calories and thus, used in the making of sweets for diabetic patients.

Steviol glycosides are responsible for the sweet taste of the leaves of the stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). These compounds range in sweetness from 40 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose. They are heat-stable, pH-stable, and do not ferment. They also do not induce a glycemic response when ingested, making them attractive as natural sweeteners to diabetics and others on carbohydrate-controlled diets.

Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are like sugar. It is stable at cooking temperature.

Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives. Both of these compounds are hormones. The agents are used for this purpose are known as contraceptive agents.
Examples are- Mestranol, Ethinyl estradiol, Norethindrone, Drospirenone, levonorgestral, etc.

Monellin, is a sweet protein and was discovered in 1969 in the fruit of the West African shrub known as the serendipity berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii). Monellin has the sweetness value of 3000.

Emergency contraceptive pills (sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception (EHC) in Great Britain) may contain higher doses of the same hormones (estrogens, progestins, or both) found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills. Taken after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, such higher doses may prevent pregnancy from occurring. Some examples are - progestin-only (levonorgestrel) pills, and antiprogestin (ulipristalacetate or mifepristone) pills, etc.

A sugar substitute is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste,. Some sugar substitutes are natural and some are synthetic. Those that natural are in general, called natural sweeteners. Examples are - Pentadin, xylitol,  etc. Those that are not natural and obtained by artificially, in general are called artificial sweeteners.
Examples are - alitame, sucralose, glucin, dulcin, etc.

P. Thaumatin is a low-calorie sweetener and flavour modifier. The thaumatins were first found as a mixture of proteins isolated from the katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcus daniellii Bennett) of west Africa. Its sweetness value is 2000.
Q. A mogroside is a compound, and constitutes of glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives. They are found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine (Siraitia grosvenorii). Its sweetness value is 300.
R. Curculin is a sweet protein that was discovered and isolated in 1990 from the fruit of Curculigo latifolia. It has a  sweetness value of 550. Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins extracted from the seed of Mabinlang (Capparis masaikai Levl.). Mabinlin has the sweetness value of 100.

Alitame is 2000 times sweeter than sugar. Neotame is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sugar. Sucralose has sweetness value of  600. Saccharin is 550 times sweeter than sugar.
Hence, the correct answer using the codes is P - 3, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 2.