Polymer Science and Technology

Polyphenylene ether (PPE) is an amorphous standard thermoplastic polymer.
Polyetherimide (PEI) is an amorphous thermoplastic with high mechanical strength and rigidity.
Polyamidimides (PAI) are amorphous thermoplastic high performance polymers characterized by high thermal stability.

Polycarbonate is highly transparent to visible light, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass.
Polycarbonate has a glass transition temperature of about 147°C, so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155°C.

Calcium carbonate is mainly used as filler in the plastics sector.
Aluminium hydroxide also finds use as fire retardant filler for polymer applications.

Zinc carbonate is an inorganic chemical blowing agent which decomposes at higher temperature than bicarbonates.
5-phenyltetrazole (5-PT) has been widely used as a blowing agent for foaming high temperature-processing polymers.
The principal use of azodicarbonamide is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent.

Glass transition temperature (T_g) of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is 115^oC.

Polysulfone is used as filtration media. The pore size can be very small, down to 0.2 µm or less for use in filter sterilization.
A major application of polycarbonate is the production of Compact Discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is commonly used in rapid prototyping extrusion-based 3D printers.
Nylon 6-6 is frequently used when high mechanical strength, great rigidity, and good stability under heat is required. It is used for ball bearing cages, electro-insulating elements, pipes, profiles and various machine parts.

Triethyl citrate is used as a plasticizer for polyvinylchloride and similar plastics.
Dibutyl sebacate is a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid. Its main use is as a plasticizer in production of plastics such as cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and many synthetic rubbers and other plastics.
Polybutene and polyisobutylene are liquid oligomers widely used as plasticizers for high-molecular weight polymers, such as polyethylene.
Benzylbutylphthalate (BBzP) is an ester of phthalic acid, benzyl alcohol and n-butanol. It is mostly used as a plasticizer for PVC.

Sodium bicarbonate is commonly used as a blowing agent in the manufacture of rigid foams which are chiefly polystyrene polyurethane, epoxy, and polyvinyl chloride.
Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is the most common of the class of phthalates which are used as plasticizers.
Titanium dioxide is the most important white pigment used in the polymer industry.
Phenyl salicylate is used as UV stabilizer for commercial polymers and sun tanning lotions.

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer with excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties that are retained to high temperatures.

Bakelite, polyurethanes, epoxy resin: All are examples of thermosetting polymers

Glyptal is a copolymer of ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.
Buna S is a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene and styrene.
Nylon 66 is a copolymer of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
Dacron is a copolymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a semi-crystalline high performance thermoplastic.

Elastic deformation in polymers is due to slight adjustment of molecular chains.
High-density polyethylene is more crystalline than low-density polyethylene because it contains fewer branches.

Poly β - hydroxybutyrate - co - β - hydroxy valerate (PHBV) is a biodegradable polymer obtained by the copolymerisation of 3–hydroxybutanoic acid and 3–hydroxypentanoic acid.
Nylon 2–nylon 6 is an alternating polyamide copolymer of glycine and amino caproic acid and is biodegradable.

Sodium bicarbonate is commonly used as a blowing agent in the manufacture of rigid foams which are chiefly polystyrene polyurethane, epoxy, and polyvinyl chloride.
Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is the most common of the class of phthalates which are used as plasticizers.
Titanium dioxide is the most important white pigment used in the polymer industry.
Phenyl salicylate is used as UV stabilizer for commercial polymers and sun tanning lotions.

Buna S, Buna N and Neoprene: All are the examples of elastomers.

Elemental sulphur is the most widely used vulcanisation agent in the rubber industry.
Polyisobutylene is a liquid oligomer widely used as plasticizer for high-molecular weight polymers, such as polyethylene.
Chlorendic acid is used as an intermediate in synthesis of unsaturated flame-retardant polyester resins and plasticizers, and as a finishing flame-retardant treatment for wool.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most known vulcanizing activator.

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Natural rubber may be considered as a linear polymer of isoprene (2 - methyl - 1, 3 butadiene) and is also called as cis - 1, 4 - polyisoprene.
On vulcanization, sulphur forms cross links at the reactive sites of double bonds and thus the rubber gets stiffened.

Melamine formaldehyde polymer is used in the manufacture of unbreakable crockery.
Teflon is used in making oil seals and gaskets and also used for non-stick surface coated utensils.
Polyacrylonitrile is used as a substitute for wool in making commercial fibres as orlon or acrilan.
Glyptal is used in manufacture of paints and lacquers.

Linear polymers consist of long and straight chains. The examples are high density polythene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.
Branched chain polymers contain linear chains having some branches, e.g. low density polythene.
Cross linked or Network polymers are usually formed from bi-functional and tri-functional monomers and contain strong covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains, e.g. bakelite, melamine, etc.