Verbal Ability (CLAT)

Directions: In the following question the passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been removed and jumbled up. They are marked as P, Q, R, S. Arrange the sentences in their correct order after reading carefully.
S1. Travellers coming in contact with strange people, habitually propitiate them by gifts.
P. It is from the last of these that gift-making as a ceremony proceeds.
Q. Gratification caused by the worth of the thing given, tends to beget a friendly mood in the person approached.
R. Two results are achieved.
S. Also, there is a tacit expression of the donor’s desire to please, which has a like effect.
S6. Present-making, thus becomes a propitiatory act, apart from the value of the thing presented.

Directions: In the following question the passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been removed and jumbled up. They are marked as P, Q, R, S. Arrange the sentences in their correct order after reading carefully.
S1. In the modern world the problem of the reliable water supply is extremely important because the water resources are widely exploited and water is used in different fields of human activities.
P. This is happening because the water used in agriculture and industries is often impossible to recycle or filter to make it drinkable.
Q. Nowadays water is used not only simply to provide people with the essential substance they consume to survive but it is also widely used in agriculture and different industries.
R. In fact, the life of human beings is impossible without water.
S: As a result, the water, being widely used, is naturally deteriorating in quality and decreasing in quantity.
S6. In such a situation, the problem of scarcity of water as the vitally important product seems to be quite real.

Directions: In the following question the passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been removed and jumbled up. They are marked as P, Q, R and S. Arrange the sentences in their correct order after reading carefully.
S1. White water rafting can be a dangerous sport, especially if basic safety precautions are not observed.
P. That said, fatalities are rare in both commercial and private rafting.
Q. They may however be skewed due to a large number of unreported incidents.
R. Studies have shown that injury rates in rafting are relatively low.
S. Meta-analyses have calculated fatalities fell between .55 -.86% per 100,000 user days.
S6. Depending on the area, safety regulations covering raft operators may exist in legislation and may range from certification of outfitters, rafts, and raft leaders, to more stringent regulations about equipment and procedures.

Directions: In the following question the passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences are given as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been removed and jumbled up. They are marked as P, Q, R, S. Arrange the sentences in their correct order after reading carefully.
S1. Building world-class, research-oriented universities involves a serious commitment to knowledge creation in the sciences, arts, social sciences and humanities.
P. We need to go beyond these reforms in order to create a culture of research.
Q. It is essential to identify a selected set of institutions to represent the best of public and private Universities and significantly enhance their capacities with a view to advancing their research agendas.
R. It is not enough to focus only on building laboratories and knowledge parks, promoting an industry-academia interface and pursuing research grants and creating incubators.
S. The vision for transforming Indian Universities needs to focus on a set of specific goals to nurture research.
S6. This will not only help in understanding the key challenges that Universities face in relation to nurturing research, but will also help us learn from recurring mistakes.

Directions: In the following question the passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences are labelled as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences have been jumbled up. They are marked as P, Q, R and S. Arrange the sentences in their correct order after reading carefully.

S1. If done right, education can play an important role in redefining gender norms in India.
P. Around the world, there have been numerous excellent examples of education changing people’s way of viewing the world and leading to new forms of behavior ways of relating with others and ultimately social norms.
Q. Indeed, there have been decades of academic research on this topic, so much so that entire subfields of education theory and practice have developed.
R. An interesting case of girls’ education programs run in the province of Uttar Pradesh demonstrates that schooling, if done right, can help change gender norms, even in the most marginalised societies.
S. India itself has good examples of education changing social norms towards gender equality.
S6. Many NGO’s have demonstrated that at the same or lower cost per student, as the government schools, their schools can educate girls in a way that enables them to both excel academically, but more importantly emerge as empowered young women.

Which of the following words is nearest in meaning to the word 'radical' from the passage?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following is the correct meaning of the expression 'prima facie'?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following policies does the author recommend to simplify the legal aid programme?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following activities does the author recommend for law students in legal aid programmes?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

What according to the author should be the aim of the legal aid programme?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following is suggested by the author to determine the entitlement for getting legal aid?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

According to the author, in what way can the bail policy be liberalised?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

What does the author refer to by the term colonial hangover?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Why does the author think that it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of the problems?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

According to the author what will bring empowerment to the people who are economically as well as socially ineffective?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.