Human Physiology

Primary haemostasis initially involves vasoconstriction in response to vascular damage, which limits blood loss and subsequent platelet adhesion to the damaged area and activation due to exposure of subendothelial matrix.

Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus (two lobes connected by a narrow strand of chromatin). Their granules are considered to be lysosomes. Eosinophils actively phagocytise complexes formed by the action of antibodies on antigens (foreign substances).

Third heart sound is physiologic in children but pathological in adults. The four heart sound is a result of the atrial systole and vibration of the AV valves, due to blood rush during atrial systole. It is inaudible neither in adults nor in children.

Stridor is a high-pitched breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. Stridor is a physical sign, which is caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway.

Oxalic acid is a colourless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to give colourless solutions. Its RQ value is 4.

This forms the Adam's apple. It is usually larger in males than in females. The thyrohyoid membrane is a ligament associated with the thyroid cartilage that connects the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone.

Cricothyroid muscles lengthen and tenses the vocal folds.

The nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity.
The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract. Owing to the large surface area provided by the nasal conchae, the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature.

The middle lobe is the smallest lobe of the right lung. It is wedge-shaped and includes the part of the anterior border, and the anterior part of the base of the lung.

Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion in the small intesstine.

Von Ebner glands are glands found in a trough circling the circumvallate papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue near the sulcus terminalis. They secrete a purely serous fluid that begins lipid hydrolysis.

Segmentation occurs only in the small intestine as short segments of intestine contract. Segmentation helps to increase the absorption of nutrients by mixing food and increasing its contact with the walls of the intestine.

The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for digesting fats (lipids) and proteins. The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines.

Intralobular ducts join to form the interlobular duct, which is located outside the lobule, between adjacent lobules. An interlobular duct is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

After passing through the small intestine, food passes into the large intestine. In the large intestine, some of the water and electrolytes (chemicals like sodium) are removed from the food. Many microbes (bacteria like Bacteroides, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella) in the large intestine help in the digestion process.