Animal and Plant Tissues

Sclereids are found in fruit or seed walls and also in the flesh of apples and pineapples. 

It is the innermost layer of cortex formed by compactly arranged barrel-shaped cells. Some of the cells in the endodermis are thin-walled and are known as passage cells. The passage cells allow water to pass into the xylem vessels.

These are branched as a star. For example: Petiole of lotus and tea leaves.

Conjunctive parenchyma is the parenchyma which occurs in the root system. It is specially meant for storage of water.

Endodermis is the inner most layer of cortex represented by a single layer of compactly arranged barrel-shaped parenchyma cells. In the stem, it is meant for storage. In the root, it plays an important role in the movement of absorbed water. Some of the cells in the root endodermis contain secondary thickenings called casparian thickenings formed by a waxy substance called suberin.

The cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape. Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the centre. Cuboidal epithelium is found in glands and in the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands.

A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina.

When the plant is an embryo, vascular tissue emerges from procambium tissue which is at the center of the embryo. Protophloem itself appears in the mid-vein extending into the cotyledonary node which constitutes the first appearance of a leaf in angiosperms where it forms continuous strands.

Mucous connective tissue is a type of connective tissue found during fetal development. It is composed mainly of ground substance with few cells or fibers. It is most easily found as a component of Wharton's jelly. Mucous connective tissue forms the umbilical cord.

Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center i.e. centripetally. The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development.

Root pressure is highest in the morning, before the stomata open and allow transpiration to begin. Different plant species can have different root pressures even in a similar environment.

A vessel element is one of the cell types found in xylem. Vessel elements are typically found in flowering plants (angiosperms) but absent from most gymnosperms, such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the hardwood of angiosperms from the softwood of conifers.

Epiblema is the outermost covering of the root formed by a single layer of compactly arranged, barrel-shaped, parenchyma cells. The cells are characteristically thin-walled since they are involved in absorption of water. A cuticle and stomata are absent. Some of the epiblema cells are produced into long unicellular projections called root hairs. Hence, the epiblema is also known as a piliferous layer.

Phloem parenchyma is represented by a group of living parenchyma cells that are found in-between the sieve tubes. They are meant only for storage of organic food.

Neurofilaments are the intermediate filaments found in neurons. They are a major component of the neuronal cytoskeleton, and are believed to function primarily to provide structural support for the axon and to regulate axon diameter. Neurofilaments are composed of polypeptide chains or subunits which belong to the same protein family.