Chemistry test

Potassium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula KCN. This colorless crystalline compound, similar in appearance to sugar, is highly soluble in water. Most KCN is used in gold mining, organic synthesis, and electroplating. Smaller applications include jewellery for chemical gilding and buffing.

Sodium percarbonate is a chemical, an adduct of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide (a perhydrate), with formula Na₂CO₃·1.5H₂O₂. It is a colorless, crystalline, hygroscopic and water-soluble solid. It is used in some eco-friendly cleaning products and as a laboratory source of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide.

Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula KMnO₄. It is a salt consisting of K⁺ and MnO₄⁻ ions. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Potassium permanganate is one of the principal chemicals used in the film and television industries to age props and set dressings.  In histology, it is used to bleach melanin which obscures tissue detail.

Neurocan core protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCAN gene. Neurocan is a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan consisting of neurocan and chondroitin sulphate. It is thought to be involved in the modulation of cell adhesion and migration.

Sea salt , obtained by the evaporation of seawater, is used in cooking and cosmetics. It is historically called bay salt or solar salt. Generally more expensive than table salt, it is commonly used in gourmet cooking and specially potato chips.

Ricin, from the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, is a highly toxic, naturally occurring protein. A dose as small as a few grains of salt can kill an adult.

Potassium ferricyanide is the chemical compound with the formula K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. This bright red salt contains the octahedrally coordinated [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ ion. The compound has widespread use in blueprint drawing and in photography (Cyanotype process). Potassium ferricyanide is used as an oxidizing agent to remove silver from negatives and positives, a process called dot etching.

Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulose fiber. Because it is produced from naturally occurring polymers, it is neither a truly synthetic fiber nor a natural fiber; it is a semi-synthetic or artificial fiber. Rayon is known by the names viscose rayon and art silk in the textile industry. It usually has a high luster quality giving it a bright sheen.

Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. It s lightweight, soft, and warm, with a wool-like feel. Acrylic is coloured before it is turned into a fiber as it does not dye very well but has excellent colour fastness. 

Byssus means both a silky filament by which certain molluscs attach themselves to hard surfaces, and a rare fabric, also called sea silk and its fibre source. It generally refers to a filament created by certain kinds of marine and freshwater bivalve molluscs, which use it to attach themselves to rocks, substrates or sea beds.

Modal is a cellulose fiber made by spinning reconstituted cellulose from beech trees. It is about 50% more hygroscopic (water-absorbent) per unit volume than cotton. It takes dye like cotton, and is colour-fast when washed in warm water. Modal is essentially a variety of rayon. Textiles made from modal are resistant to shrinkage and fading, but prone to stretching and pilling.

Chiengora is a yarn or wool spun from dog hair. It is up to 80% warmer than wool and is not elastic. Often chiengora is blended with wool during the carding process. This blend has some give to it, which is preferable when knitting. It is also often blended with wool in order to create a yarn with less heat insulation.

Ependymin is a glycoprotein associated with the consolidation of long-term memory, claims involving protection from strokes and neuronal regeneration.

Sialoadhesin is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of certain cells of the immune system called macrophages. It is found in especially high amounts on macrophages of the spleen, liver, lymph node, bone marrow, colon, and lungs. Also, in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, the protein has been found in great amounts on macrophages of the affected tissues.

These titrations characterize heterogeneous systems, such as colloids. Zeta potential plays role of indicator. One of the purposes is the determination of iso-electric point when surface charge becomes 0. This can be achieved by changing pH or adding surfactant. Another purpose is determination of the optimum dose of the chemical for flocculation or stabilization.

aser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. In principle, LIBS can analyse any matter regardless of its physical state, be it solid, liquid or gas.

The quinhydrone electrode is a type of redox electrode which can be used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of a solution in a chemical experiment. It provides an alternative to the commonly used glass electrode in a pH meter. The electrode consists of an inert metal electrode (usually a platinum wire) in contact with quinhydrone crystals and a water-based solution.

The Severinghaus electrode is an electrode that measures carbon dioxide (CO₂). It utilizes a CO₂-sensitive glass electrode in a surrounding film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic carbon dioxide permeable membrane, but impermeable to water and electrolytic solutes. The carbon dioxide pressure of a sample gas or liquid equilibrates through the membrane and the glass electrode measures the resulting pH of the bicarbonate solution.

Ammonium carbonate is a commercial salt with the chemical formula (NH₄)₂CO₃. It is used when crushed as a smelling salt. It can be crushed when needed in order to revive someone who has fainted. It is also known as baker's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents: baking soda and baking powder.

Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.

A rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) is double working electrode used in hydrodynamic voltammetry, very similar to a rotating disk electrode (RDE). The electrode actually rotates during experiments inducing a flux of analyte to the electrode. These working electrode are used in electrochemical studies when investigating reaction mechanisms related to redox chemistry among other chemical phenomenon.

The dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a working electrode made of mercury and used in polarography. Experiments run with mercury electrodes are referred to as forms of polarography even if the experiments are identical or very similar to a corresponding voltammetry experiment which use solid working electrodes.