Organic Chemistry Test

Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric tons. Its primary use is in packaging (plastic bag, plastic films, geomembranes, etc.).

Polyphenylsulfone is a type of moldable plastic often used in rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing applications. It is a heat and chemical resistant material. It is typically used in automotive and aerospace applications. It has virtually no melting point due to its amorphous nature.

Anionic addition polymerization is a form of chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization that involves the polymerization of vinyl monomers with strong electronegative groups. This polymerization is carried out through a carbanion active species.

Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants, but the mechanistic principles invoked in heterogeneous catalysis are generally applicable. Typically homogeneous catalysts are dissolved in a solvent with the substrates. One example of homogeneous catalysis involves the influence of H+ on the esterification of esters, e.g. ,methyl acetate from acetic acid and methanol.

The Stieglitz rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction of a trityl hydroxylamine in to a triaryl imine . The reaction is related to the Beckmann rearrangement as both reactions involve a carbon to nitrogen shift.

In chemistry, initiation is a chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions. Often the initiation reaction generates a reactive intermediate from a stable molecule which is then involved in secondary reactions. In polymerisation, initiation is followed by a chain reaction and termination.

The Shi epoxidation is a chemical reaction described as an asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with oxone (potassium peroxymonosulfate) and a fructose-derived catalyst.

Cross-linked polyethylene is a form of polyethylene with cross-links. It is formed into tubing and is used predominantly in hydronic radiant heating systems, domestic water piping and insulation for high tension (high voltage) electrical cables. It is also used for natural gas and offshore oil applications, chemical transportation, and transportation of sewage and slurries.

Skatole or 3-methylindole is a mildly toxic white crystalline organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in faeces (it is produced from tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract), and coal tar, and has a strong faecal odour.

The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction is a chemical reaction whereby a primary (or secondary) amine is methylated using excess formic acid and formaldehyde. Reductive amination reactions such as this one will not produce quaternary ammonium salts, but instead will stop at the tertiary amine stage.

Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B₁). As a dimer of two modified thiamine molecules, it is a lipophilic compound that crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily than thiamine and increases the levels of thiamine and thiamine phosphate esters in the brain.

Pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

All are the thermosetting plastics.

Cholecalciferol is a form of vitamin D, also called vitamin D₃ or calciol. It is structurally similar to steroids such as testosterone, cholesterol, and cortisol (though vitamin D₃ itself is a secosteroid).

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a thermoplastic engineering polymer, that is used as an insulator in the electrical and electronics industries. It is a thermoplastic (semi-)crystalline polymer, and a type of polyester.

Chitin is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world. It is the main component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the radulas of mollusks, and the beaks of cephalopods, including squid and octopuses.

Tertiary structure is the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids.

Pindolol is a nonselective beta blocker with partial beta-adrenergic receptor agonist activity. It possesses ISA (Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity). This means that pindolol, particularly in high doses, exerts effects like epinephrine or isoprenaline (increased pulse rate, increased blood pressure, bronchodilation), but these effects are limited.

Alanine is necessary for the maintainance of proper blood glucose level from dietary protein. It stimulates lymphocyte production and may help people who have immune suppression. It also strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies.

Taurine helps regulate the contraction and pumping action of the heart muscle and it helps regulate blood pressure and platelet aggregation.

Histidine is known to be vital in the maintenance of the myelin sheaths surrounding nerves, particularly the auditory nerve and is used to treat some forms of hearing disability.

Isoleucine is necessary for the optimal growth of infants and for maintaining nitrogen balance in adults.

Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG.

Indene is a flammable polycyclic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C₉H₈. It is composed of a benzene ring fused with a cyclopentene ring. This aromatic liquid is colourless although samples often are pale yellow.

L-theanine reduces stress and anxiety without the tranquilizing effects found in many other calming supplements.

Pyrroles are components of more complex macrocycles, including the porphyrins of heme, the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, chlorophyll, porphyrinogens. Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme.