History of India

Mahatma Gandhi was indeed the editor of Young India, which he started in 1919. Through this journal, he articulated his views on non-violent resistance, Swadeshi, and the freedom movement. Young India served as a powerful medium for communicating his political philosophy to both the masses and the British authorities.

Correct Answer: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

The Rayatwari settlement was indeed introduced in both the Madras and Bombay presidencies. This system, developed by Thomas Munro and later elaborated by Elphinstone, established direct relations between the government and individual cultivators (ryots). It contrasted with the Zamindari system of Bengal and the Mahalwari system of North India.

Universities were indeed established in the presidency towns (Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras) in 1857, following the Woods Despatch of 1854. This marked the beginning of modern university education in India. These universities were modeled after the University of London and focused on Western education.

Correct Answer: Rowlatt Act

The Doctrine of Lapse was indeed started by Lord Dalhousie, who served as Governor-General from 1848-1856. This policy allowed the British to annex any princely state where the ruler died without a natural male heir. Several states including Satara, Jhansi, and Udaipur were annexed under this doctrine, which contributed significantly to the discontent leading to the 1857 revolt.

The Rayatwari settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro, though his name is misspelled as 'Munaro' in option B. Munro, as Governor of Madras, implemented this system which established direct revenue collection from individual cultivators. The system aimed to eliminate intermediary zamindars and create a more direct relationship between cultivators and the state.

Fasting was indeed Gandhi's most effective weapon against injustice, which he called 'satyagraha' or 'soul force'. He used fasting effectively in various contexts - against the separate electorates for Harijans, during communal riots, and as a means of self-purification and moral persuasion. His fasts could mobilize millions and force authorities to address grievances.

The Lucknow Pact was indeed concluded in 1916 between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. This agreement was significant for Hindu-Muslim cooperation, with Congress accepting separate electorates and the League supporting Congress's demand for self-government. The pact was reached during the joint session of both parties in Lucknow.

All three high courts (Calcutta, Madras, Bombay) were established in 1861 through the Indian High Courts Act. This was a major judicial reform during Lord Canning's tenure that created the modern high court system in India.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 to promote education and social reform. The organization aimed to train national missionaries for India's service through constitutional methods.

Correct Answer: 1931

The Government of India Act 1935 created several new provinces and reorganized provincial administration. Two new provinces were specifically created: Orissa became a separate province, and Sind was separated from Bombay. Both had governors appointed under the new act.

Correct Answer: M. A. Jinnah

The Moderates believed in constitutional agitation and gradual reform within the British system. Surendranath Banerjea was a prominent Moderate leader who favored petitions and negotiations. The other options - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and B.G. Tilak - were Extremists who favored more direct action and swaraj.

Correct Answer: A. O. Hume

Bihar and Orissa were carved out of Bengal as a separate province in 1912, following the annulment of the 1905 partition of Bengal. This administrative reorganization created a new province with Patna as its capital, acknowledging the distinct regional identity of these regions.

The All-India Muslim League was founded in December 1906 at Dhaka. It was established to protect Muslim political interests and promote Muslim representation. The formation was a response to the partition of Bengal and growing communal consciousness.

The Ilbert Bill (1883) proposed allowing Indian judges to try European offenders, challenging racial discrimination in the judicial system. It was about equality before law and removing the racial barrier in administration. However, the bill faced strong opposition from Europeans and was eventually withdrawn in a modified form.

The partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon was annulled in 1911 by King George V at the Delhi Durbar. This decision came in response to massive protests, the Swadeshi movement, and communal tensions that the partition had created. The annulment was a major victory for the nationalist movement.