Metallurgy and Inorganic Chemistry Test

Hot rolling is a metalworking process that occurs above the recrystallization temperature of the material. After the grains deform during processing, they recrystallize, which maintains an equiaxed microstructure and prevents the metal from work hardening.

Nichrome is a non-magnetic alloy of nickel, chromium, and often iron, usually used as a resistance wire . Due to its relatively high electrical resistivity and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures, it is widely used in electric heating elements, such as in hair dryers, electric ovens, soldering iron, toasters, and even electronic cigarettes.

Quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece to obtain certain material properties. 

Elektron is a magnesium alloy. It is unusually light and has a specific gravity of about 1.8 compared with  2.8 of aluminium alloy.The alloy variants are used in auto racing and aerospace engineering applications due to magnesium's relatively low density.

Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. Electrum was used as early as the third millennium BC in Old Kingdom of Egypt, sometimes as an exterior coating to the pyramidions atop ancient Egyptian pyramids and obelisks.

Mischmetal is an alloy of rare earth elements in various naturally-occurring proportions. A typical composition includes approximately 50% cerium and 25% lanthanum, with small amounts of neodymium and praseodymium. Its most common use is in the flint ignition device of many lighters and torches.

The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology used to make wrought iron or steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace. The furnace is constructed to pull the hot air over the iron without it coming into direct contact with the fuel. The major advantage of this system is keeping the impurities of the fuel separated from the charge.

Megallium is an alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances. It is used in dentistry because of its light weight, resistance to corrosion and hypo-allergenic (nickel free) properties.

Transition metal compounds are paramagnetic when they have one or more unpaired d electrons. In octahedral complexes with between four and seven d electrons, both high spin and low spin states are possible.

Seesaw is a type of molecular geometry where the central atom has one lone pair of electrons, and there are four bonding groups also connected to the central atom. The given  compound fulfills these conditions and  have seesaw geometry.

The trigonal planar is a molecular geometry model with one atom at the centre and three atoms at the corners of a triangle, called peripheral atoms, all in one plane. In an ideal trigonal planar species, all three ligands are identical and all bond angles are 120°, e.g. boron trifluoride (BF₃), formaldehyde (H₂CO), phosgene (COCl₂), and sulfur trioxide (SO₃).

Enantiomers are two stereoisomers that are related to each other by a reflection. They are mirror images of each other, which are non-superimposable. Human hands are a macroscopic example of stereoisomerism.

Ligands are those provided by nature, especially including the side chains of amino acids, and many cofactors such as porphyrins. For example: hemoglobin

Axial chirality is a special case of chirality in which a molecule does not possess a stereogenic centre (the most common form of chirality in organic compounds) but an axis of chirality - an axis about which a set of substituents is held in a spatial arrangement that is not superposable on its mirror image

Biocatalysis is the use of natural catalysts, such as protein enzymes, to perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing inside living cells are employed for this task.

Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals.

Calcining is thermal decomposition of a material. Examples include decomposition of hydrates such as ferric hydroxide in to ferric oxide and water vapour, or decomposition of calcium carbonate in to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide and or of iron carbonate in to iron oxide.

Alizarin is an organic compound with formula C₁₄H₈O₄ that is historically important as a prominent dye, originally derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus.

An acid dye  is soluble in water and possesses affinity for amphoteric fibres while lacking direct dyes' affinity for cellulose fibres.These concentrated, powdered, hot water dyes;  are the best dyes available for silk, wool, cashmere, alpaca, feathers and nylon.

Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titrations because of its clear colour change. It changes colour at the pH of a mid-strength acid and therefore, is used in titrations for acids.