Organic Chemistry Test

Tetracaine is a potent local anesthetic of the ester group. It is mainly used topically in ophthalmology and as an antipruritic, and it has been used in spinal anesthesia.

Cinchocaine is an amide local anesthetic. It is an active ingredient in some topical hemorrhoid creams such as Proctosedyl.

Methoxyflurane is a halogenated ether that was in clinical use as a volatile inhalational anesthetic from its introduction by Joseph F. Artusio et al in 1960 until around 1974. It was first synthesized in the late 1940s by William T. Miller and his team of chemists following their involvement in the Manhattan Project.

All of the above contain halogens.

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms (such as in cases of tetanus), and Ménière's disease.

Regional anaesthesia is anaesthesia affecting only a large part of the body, such as a limb or the lower half of the body. Regional anaesthetic techniques can be divided into central and peripheral techniques.

Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. The term ophthalmologist refers to a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems.

Propofol is a short-acting, intravenously administered hypnotic agent. Its uses include the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation for mechanically ventilated adults, and procedural sedation. Propofol is also commonly used in veterinary medicine.

Calcein is a fluorescent dye with excitation and emission wavelengths of 495/515 nm, respectively. It is used as a complexometric indicator for titration of calcium ions with EDTA, and for fluorometric determination of calcium. It has the appearance of orange crystals.

Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid.

Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.

Enflurane (2-chloro-1, 1, 2,- trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Developed by Ross Terrell in 1963, it was first used clinically in 1966.

Local anesthetic drugs are toxic to the heart (where they cause arrhythmia) and brain (where they may cause unconsciousness and seizures). Arrhythmias may be resistant to defibrillation and other standard treatments, and may lead to loss of heart function and death.

Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final colour significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is, therefore, a large literature base describing dyeing techniques.

Heroin is a semi-synthetic opioid drug synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine (di-acetyl-morphine) and a morphine prodrug.

Etomidate is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia and for sedation for short procedures such as reduction of dislocated joints and cardioversion.

Rapacuronium is a rapidly acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker formerly used in modern anaesthesia, to aid and enable endotracheal intubation, which is often necessary to assist in the controlled ventilation of unconscious patients during surgery and sometimes in intensive care.

Suxamethonium chloride is a paralytic drug used to induce muscle relaxation and short term paralysis, usually to facilitate tracheal intubation.

Merbromin is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. Merbromin is an organomercuric disodium salt compound and a fluorescein.

Mivacurium chloride is a short-duration non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs.

Hemocyanins are respiratory proteins in the form of metalloproteins containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O₂).

Indophenol is an artificial blue metachromatic dye, obtained by the action of phenol on certain nitrogenous derivatives of quinone. Indophenol resembles the colour indigo in appearance. It is often used to determine the presence of vitamin C, or ascorbic acid. it is not used as a histological stain in biology.

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or sweet air is a chemical compound with the formula N₂O. It is a colourless non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odour and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects.

Metocurine is a muscle relaxant through neuromuscular blockade. It is excreted entirely through the kidneys and, therefore, should not be used in patients with renal failure.

Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic that acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.