Chemistry Test

Antidepressants are useful for patients who are highly depressed or have lost self-confidence. These drugs produce a feeling of well-being and improve efficiency. Tofranil, vitalin, amphetamines and cocaine are some of the examples.

Disinfectants are used to kill bacteria. They are used to sterilize instruments, utensils, clothes, floors, sanitary fittings, sputum and excreta. They harm the living tissues and cannot be used on skin. Some examples are phenol, methyl phenol, hydrogen peroxide and sulphur dioxide.

Lisinopril is in a group of drugs called ACE inhibitors. ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme. Lisinopril is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), congestive heart failure, and to improve survival after a heart attack.

Naproxen is in a group of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. It is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, gout, or menstrual cramps.

Nexium belongs to a group of drugs called proton pump inhibitors. Nexium decreases the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Nexium is used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions involving excessive stomach acid such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

An artificial sweetening agent  is a food additive used for the purpose of sweetening food, but does not include aspartame, any sugar or other carbohydrate or polyhydric alcohols for example, sorbitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol and xylitol.

Substances that are capable of taking away moisture from a gas are called drying agents. As all deliquescent and hygroscopic substances have affinity for water, they can be used as drying agents. However, usually anhydrous calcium chloride, quick lime and concentrated sulphuric acid are used as drying agents in the laboratory.

Releaser pheromones are pheromones that cause an alteration in the behaviour of the recipient. For example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more.

Lunesta is a sedative, also called a hypnotic. It affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause sleep problems (insomnia). It is used to treat insomnia. This medication causes relaxation to help one fall asleep and stay asleep.

When the propellant has a solid fuel and a liquid oxidiser composition, it is called a hybrid propellant. For example: a mixture of acrylic rubber and liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide.

Amitiza is a chloride channel activator. It increases fluid secretion in  intestines which increases intestinal muscle movement and helps make it easier to pass stools (bowel movements).

Androstenol is a sex pheromone in pigs, possessing a musk-like odour. It is found in large quantities in boar saliva, but also in smaller quantities in human sweat glands. It is analogous to sex hormones yet has minimal or no androgenic activity.

Paxil (paroxetine) is an antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

 Nasonov pheromone is released by worker bees to orient returning forager bees back to the colony. To broadcast this scent, bees raise their abdomens, which contain the Nasonov glands, and fan their wings vigorously.

Phentermine is a stimulant  similar to an amphetamine. Phentermine is an appetite suppressant that affects the central nervous system. It is used togther with diet and exercise to treat obesity (overweight) in people with risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

4-Androstenediol is an androstenediol that is converted to testosterone. The conversion rate is about 15.76%, almost triple that of androstenedione, due to utilization of a different enzymatic pathway.

The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor.The main function of the androgen receptor is as a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates gene expression. Androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype.

Ortho Evra is a contraceptive skin patch containing a combination of female hormones (estrogen and progestin), that prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary). Fertility depends on regular fluctuations in the levels of these hormones.

Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase is any type of phosphatase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) --an undigestible, organic form of phosphorus that is found in grains and oil seeds-- and releases a usable form of inorganic phosphorus.

Calcium and magnesium salts of detergents are soluble in water. Therefore, cleansing action of detergents remains unaffected in hard water.

3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG), or glycerate 3-phosphate (GP), is a biochemically significant 3-carbon molecule that is a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. This chemical is often termed PGA when referring to the Calvin cycle.

Builders are water softeners. These chemical compounds are agents that remove calcium ions by complexation or precipitation. Typical builders are sodium carbonate, complexation agents, soap and zeolites. They function by sequestering or precipitating the problematic ions. One of the most common builders is sodium triphosphate, which is used on very large scale for this application.

Dispersants can be used to dissipate oil slicks.They may rapidly disperse large amounts of certain oil types from the sea surface by transferring it into the water column. They will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-soluble micelles that are rapidly diluted.

Ethoxylates are compounds that have long hydrocarbon chains, and terminate with (OCH₂CH₂)_nOH group. These groups are not charged, but they are highly hydrophilic owing to the presence of many oxygen centres.