Physical Geography: Earth's Features and Processes

Lapse rate is the rate of change in temperature with increase in altitude.

Isohyets is the correct answer because they are lines on a map connecting points with equal rainfall. Isolines is the general term for any line connecting equal values, Isodrums is not a standard term, and Isotherms connect points of equal temperature - only Isohyets specifically refers to rainfall.

Correct answer is (1). 

Correct option is (3).

 The stratosphere is layered in temperature because ozone (O₃) absorbs high energy UVB and UVC energy waves from the sun and are broken down into atomic oxygen (O₁D) and diatomic oxygen (O₂) at wavelengths below 1180 nm.

The Bushmen (also known as San people) are indigenous to Southern Africa and traditionally inhabit the Kalahari Desert region spanning Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. The Thar Desert is in India/Pakistan, Atacama is in South America, and Great Victoria is in Australia - none of these are Bushmen territories.

Option (3) is the correct answer. 

Ocean salinity is highest in sub-tropical regions (around 20°-30° latitude) due to high evaporation rates exceeding precipitation. The equatorial region has lower salinity due to high rainfall, polar regions have low salinity from ice melt, and tropical regions are too broad - the specific maximum is in sub-tropical zones.

The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean is the deepest oceanic trench, reaching approximately 11,034 meters (36,201 feet) at its deepest point (Challenger Deep). The Tonga Trench, Japan Trench, and Kermadec Trench are all deep but none exceed the Mariana Trench.

Hydroponics is a subset of hydro-culture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil.

Nile is the longest river (length = 6653 km).

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland water body, classified as a lake despite its name. It covers approximately 371,000 square kilometers. The Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Black Sea are seas connected to oceans, not lakes. The Caspian is bordered by five countries and has no outlet to the ocean.

An ox-bow lake forms when a meandering river creates a U-shaped bend that gets cut off from the main channel. Over time, erosion and deposition narrow the neck of the meander until the river breaks through, abandoning the bend and creating a standalone U-shaped water body. It's a fluvial process, not related to glaciers or sea waves.

A tarn is a mountain lake or pool formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. These are typically found in corries (cirques) carved by glacial erosion and are often deep and clear. In contrast, oxbow lakes are formed by river meanders, yardangs are wind-eroded rock formations, and ridges are linear elevated landforms not specifically created by glaciers.

Lumberjack is the standard occupational term for workers who cut down trees and transport them to sawmills. While terms like 'lumberman' have been used historically, 'lumberjack' is the widely recognized professional term. The occupation involves felling, cutting, and loading timber for commercial use in the forestry industry.

A seismometer is the scientific instrument used to detect and record the intensity, direction, and duration of seismic waves from earthquakes or explosions. Barometers measure air pressure, hydrometers measure liquid density, and altimeters measure altitude.

The ozone layer absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays, which would otherwise cause severe DNA damage in living organisms. Without this protective layer, life on Earth's surface would be exposed to harmful radiation levels.

The Northern Hemisphere is called the 'land hemisphere' because it contains approximately 68% of Earth's total land area, while the Southern Hemisphere is predominantly water (about 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is ocean). This uneven distribution is due to continental drift patterns over geological time.

The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile registered magnitude 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale, making it the most powerful earthquake ever recorded instrumentally. It caused extensive damage across southern Chile and triggered tsunamis that affected the entire Pacific Ocean basin.

The Rogun Dam in Tajikistan is the world's highest dam at 335 meters (1,099 feet), though construction has been ongoing for many years due to geological and economic challenges. It's a gravel-rock embankment dam on the Vakhsh River.

Cacti are adapted to arid and semiarid environments with minimal rainfall, using specialized water-storage tissues in their stems and reduced leaf surfaces (spines) to minimize water loss through transpiration. These adaptations allow them to survive in harsh desert conditions.

The Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand, India, stands at 261 meters (856 feet) tall, making it the sixth-highest dam in the world by height. It's a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill embankment dam on the Bhagirathi River, used for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.

Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller particles through physical, chemical, and biological means. These particles then combine with organic matter over long periods to form soil. Erosion and deposition are transport processes, not soil-forming processes.

Monaco has the world's highest population density at approximately 26,337 people per square kilometer, due to its very small land area of about 2.02 square kilometers. Despite being the second-smallest country, it has a population of over 38,000 people.